How It Works
VENDOR.Max is a nonlinear electrodynamic installation operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime. This page shows how VENDOR.Max works, stage by stage, from a brief startup to a regulated customer output.
Subject of this page The functional operating architecture of VENDOR.Max.
Reading rule Energy transferred through a port, and the corresponding average power, are end-result quantities useful for evaluating an outcome at a stated boundary over a stated time window. By themselves they do not describe local physical processes, do not define the bounds of a control volume, and cannot be carried across different measurement planes, boundaries or time classes.
This page covers Startup, impulse excitation, coupled resonant regime, electromagnetic extraction, rectification, regulated feedback, customer interface.
This page connects to The two local increases identified on Where Is the Plus, the transition from charge flow to measurable power, regime-level energy accounting, and independent confirmation of full-device performance.
What VENDOR.Max is
A solid class statement first, so that everything below is read against it.
VENDOR.Max is a nonlinear electrodynamic installation operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime. It contains no rotating electromechanical converter and uses no combustion cycle.
The protected structural solution concerns the excitation assembly: several parallel discharge channels with mutually different triggering thresholds, offset and overlapping spectra, a sectioned storage element, and individual rectification for each channel. This combination of features is recorded in independent claim 1 of patent ES2950176B2, granted after examination.
The principle in one sentence
A brief startup initiates a controlled impulse excitation; that excitation forms a coupled resonant regime; electromagnetic extraction transfers energy into a separate output path; rectification, control and the output stage form the customer interface.
- Brief startup
- Impulse excitation
- Coupled resonant regime
- Electromagnetic extraction
- Rectification and distribution
- Customer output
The six operating stages
Each stage states what it does, what physical result it produces, and what does not follow from it. The third field is part of the description, not a disclaimer.
Brief startup
Function. To establish the initial conditions for the transition from rest into the working regime. In the laboratory configuration the start source is connected to the terminals briefly and is then physically disconnected. In the standard configuration it sits inside the enclosure; the START button is a control event and not an operating power input.
In the laboratory reference configuration there is no accumulator inside Frame 0: the only battery is external and is connected solely to the start port. After startup both of its conductors are physically disconnected; conductive charge transport through the start port ceases, the battery no longer transfers energy across Frame 0, and it therefore cannot be treated as the energy source of the steady-state regime.
Physical result. Organised motion of charge carriers appears. Charges do not arrive in the device after the button is pressed — they are already there: conductors, windings, contacts and the connected load are filled with free carriers from the outset. The analogy is a long closed pipe already full of water: to obtain flow, no new water has to be delivered to every section — a pressure difference is enough.
Formation of the impulse excitation
Function. To accumulate separated charge in a sectioned storage element, to form a threshold switching event in the discharge channels, and to sharply compress the release time of the stored charge.
Physical result. An impulse excitation regime, passed to the next functional assembly. What arises is packetisation of transport, a large instantaneous \(dQ/dt\) — that is, a high impulse current — and a broad spectrum of the excitation event.
Formation of the coupled resonant regime
Function. To receive the controlled impulse excitation and form the coupled resonant regime. The resonant assembly has its own internal switching process, separate from the switching process of the storage assembly: these are two distinct switching events of the architecture, and the construction of one cannot be inferred from the construction of the other.
Under the project’s functional classification, this stage belongs to Armstrong-type discharge-resonant excitation. The attribution applies solely to the manner in which the coupled resonant regime is excited.
Storage switching event
Threshold release of the stored charge. Belongs to the impulse excitation. Its construction does not disclose the second assembly.
Resonant switching event
Internal switching of the coupled regime. Belongs to regime formation. It cannot be inferred from the first.
Physical result. A system of coupled resonant structures with split modes, in which local carrier ensembles undergo a repeating oscillatory redistribution, reversing their direction of motion millions of times per second. Circulation here denotes the repetition of the state and of the crossings of a chosen cross-section — not a closed trajectory of individual electrons through the installation.
Electromagnetic extraction
Function. To transfer the energy of the regime into an electrically separate extraction path.
Physical result. Electromagnetic coupling transfers energy into the electrically separate path and drives the motion of the secondary side’s own carrier ensemble. Electrons of the primary side do not cross to the secondary side.
Rectification and distribution
Function. To convert the high-frequency alternating process into a directed flow and to distribute it.
Physical result. The individual charge packets gather into a stable reservoir of separated charge — the main DC bus. This is not merely smoothing: in the steady-state regime the bus occupies the same structural place that the start source occupied at startup — a stable, continuously replenished charge separation serving as the boundary condition for every subsequent circuit. The difference lies only in the manner of replenishment: for the start source it is chemistry with a finite transport reserve; for the bus it is continuous transport from the extraction path through rectification.
Formation of the customer output
Function. To convert the flow of the bus into the form intended for the customer: switching, isolation transformer, rectification, regulated DC output.
Physical result. At the regulated DC output the DC customer interface of the physical core is formed. For the DC configuration this is the final form of the output. In the AC configuration an additional stage converts that flow into the required alternating-current interface.
What the regulated feedback does
The single most misread part of the architecture, and the reason the loop is described before any energy question is raised.
The feedback is a route, not a store.
The reservoir is already a result of the work of the resonant assembly and the extraction path. It is precisely the presence of this reservoir that turns impulse extraction into a stable boundary condition for the next excitation. The route therefore does not read as excitation, resonance and return of a signal, but as a reserve that is rebuilt downstream and then divided.
The regime branch returns part of the transport to the input terminals of the excitation assembly — to where the start source stood at startup — and feeds the regime path that secures the next switching event. It receives that transport at a dynamic price: the startup rating is not an invariant of the steady-state regime, and every load corresponds to its own operating point of the whole loop.
The customer port likewise forms its own closed charge-transport circuit through the forward and return conductors. Its average energy flow, however, is directed towards the customer and is accounted at the external boundary as the output of the device. The architecture therefore does not reduce to a single simple loop.
The start source is required for the first transition. Thereafter the structural place of the boundary condition is taken by the reservoir continuously replenished from the extraction path through rectification; in the standard configuration the built-in accumulator does not disappear, but changes its role to that of a buffer.
From the standpoint of charge, the existence of a closed route is not in itself paradoxical. At every node the local continuity balance holds, and in a steady cyclic regime the mean inflow of charge is compatible with the mean outflow, accounting for local accumulation and displacement currents. But the closing of the charge-transport route does not mean a return of energy: charge and energy obey different balances. The statement that return through feedback amounts to unlimited reuse of the same energy is physically incorrect.
What the loop does
The feedback redistributes the formed bus flow between the next working event, the auxiliary control circuits and the customer output, while moving the system between operating points.
Why a supervisory controller is required
The presence of a resonant assembly does not yet mean that the machine can accept load smoothly and return safely to its operating point. Responsibility for this rests with the distributed control system; in the standard configuration the supervisory function is carried by BBMS (Battery Boundary Management System).
In the equivalent model adopted, the losses of maintaining the regime grow approximately in proportion to the square of the amplitude. From this follows the design strategy: lower the working amplitude as the load falls. The consequence matters more than the formula: the system does not deliver different powers out of one unchanged regime — when the load changes, the entire feedback-coupled system reconfigures itself to a new operating point.
In the standard configuration the role of the built-in storage element is divided in time. After startup, the accumulator changes its functional role: from the initiating source to a bidirectional regime buffer.
From the power station to the socket: a cascade of local circuits
How electrical energy reaches a load, in grid infrastructure and in VENDOR.Max. The same engineering question recurs at every level.
An electrical system need not consist of a single ensemble of charge travelling from a primary source to the final load. It can contain a cascade of local circuits and conductive regions, each already containing charge carriers, with each preceding stage establishing the electrical conditions required by the next.
The domestic grid is a useful control case precisely because the reader already accepts it as ordinary electrical engineering. An appliance is not powered by a batch of electrons that has travelled from the power station to the socket. Its current is formed by charge carriers already present in the local low-voltage circuit. Across a distribution transformer, energy is transferred electromagnetically from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit, without charge carriers crossing between the windings.
One distinction keeps the comparison precise. At each stage, the engineering task is to establish the electrical state required by the next part of the system. Across a galvanically isolated boundary, energy is transferred through the electromagnetic field and the receiving circuit forms current from its own carriers. Within a galvanically continuous circuit, charge is transported through that circuit’s conductors.
| Level of organisation | Grid infrastructure | VENDOR.Max | What the engineer organises |
|---|---|---|---|
| Customer circuit | The load and the local low-voltage wiring. | The customer output circuit after the output stage. | Voltage, admissible charge flow, output form, protection and load conditions. |
| Last galvanically separated transfer | The secondary side of the distribution transformer receives energy through the field from the primary side. | The isolated output side of the final power stage receives energy through the field from the internal supply path. | Setting in motion the next circuit’s own carriers, without those of the previous stage crossing over. |
| Supply circuit of the preceding stage | The primary side of the distribution transformer belongs to its own higher-voltage supply network. | The formed internal DC bus and the power path feed the output stage. | Creating an electrical state from which the next stage can draw energy. |
| Preceding conversion stage | The previous level of transformation and transmission. | Electromagnetic extraction from the coupled resonant regime, then rectification and accumulation. | Carrying energy into a new local ensemble and forming a state fit for the next stage. |
| Working electromagnetic state | A generator at the power station forms the electrical state of its circuit by converting mechanical power into electrical power. | The coupled resonant regime is a repeating electromagnetic state of local carrier ensembles, from which energy is transferred into the extraction path. | Establishing and maintaining a working state from which energy can be transferred. |
| Excitation of that regime | The generator’s field-excitation system establishes the electromagnetic condition required for electromechanical conversion. | The impulse excitation path forms the conditions for entering and holding the resonant regime. | Establishing the operating condition required by the working electromagnetic state. |
| Condition for sustaining it | A continuing primary-energy input — for example flowing water, wind, or heat used to produce steam — supplies the generator through its prime mover. | After startup, the excitation port is supplied by the internal regime branch, which returns part of the formed flow and sustains the next working event. | Here the two architectures diverge. After startup, VENDOR.Max sustains the excitation path from its internal regime branch while a separate branch carries the customer output. The two local increases occur upstream, in the discharge-commutation and resonant-field transitions. |
Like grid infrastructure, VENDOR.Max contains a cascade of local electrical circuits. It differs in how that cascade is organised inside a single device.
Scope of comparison
The comparison is limited to functional topology. The implementations are distinct: the generator-based grid example relies on a distributed network, electromechanical generation and successive levels of transformation. VENDOR.Max uses impulse excitation, a coupled resonant regime, electromagnetic extraction, rectification, an internal bus and a returning regime branch. The upstream transformations responsible for the local increases are mapped separately on Where Is the Plus.
What resonant circulation means
One defining element, kept here so that internal kilovolts and amperes are never read as active power.
The rate of charge turnover expresses the intensity with which already-present charge is reused:
The image: a single runner on a circular track. In an hour he will cross the starting line dozens of times. The number of crossings is large, though there remains only one runner; after each complete lap his total displacement from the starting point is zero. The absolute flow is large, the algebraic flow is zero.
The practical consequence for reading any figures: products of the form kilovolts times amperes at the resonant assembly denote circulation in volt-amperes and are not presented as power. The active component is determined separately, as the synchronous mean \(\langle u(t)\,i(t)\rangle\) at a correctly defined port.
Resonant circulation and the energy source · Energy accounting at regime level
How the functional route reaches measurable power
The functional route culminates at the regulated customer output, where charge flow and energy per coulomb are defined at the same port and over the same time window.
The charge route is complete. Across the six stages, local charge balances remain closed while energy is transferred and converted between defined ports.
How the functional route becomes measurable power
The six stages must not be read as a chain of end-to-end efficiencies along which the finite startup reserve of the battery passes step by step to the customer. After startup the regime branch sustains the input flow of the excitation assembly; the coupled field transfers energy to the extraction path’s own carriers; after rectification, at the formed DC port, a directed charge flow and an energy price per coulomb are defined at the same time. Their combination is what appears as measurable power:
The flow of the main bus is then divided between sustaining the next working cycle, the control circuits and the customer output. The joint change of these two quantities between two defined working planes is described by the local coefficient G; it is not the end-to-end efficiency of the whole device.
How charge flow becomes power, and what the coefficient G shows
On end-to-end efficiency
A system-level efficiency belongs to an explicitly specified full-device control volume. All external inputs, the customer output and changes in internal energy stores must be measured over one common time window. The figures published across the engineering pages describe different ports, boundaries and regime phases and therefore remain local characteristics rather than one end-to-end ratio. Independent full-boundary metrology consolidates these quantities into a third-party-verifiable result.
The quantitative composition of the main bus flow into a self-consistent operating point is treated separately.
Two customer interfaces
One physical core, two configurations of the output path.
The question this section answers
If any DC or AC port forms its own closed charge-transport circuit through the forward and return conductors, why do we describe it in watts and joules alone — instead of tracking at the same time how much charge crosses the chosen cross-section, in what regime it moves, and how that motion relates to the energy transferred?
The correct answer is to keep both registers at once. Coulombs show how the motion of charge is organised; joules, how much energy has been transferred; watts, the rate of that transfer. Neither register replaces the other.
Here the two interfaces part company physically. At the DC interface, in the steady-state regime, there is a unidirectional transport through the chosen cross-section of a single conductor, \(Q_{\Gamma} = \int i_{\Gamma}(t)\,dt \neq 0\); at a correctly defined two-conductor boundary the equal-magnitude current of the return conductor closes the circuit. A non-zero transport through one cross-section therefore does not mean an accumulation of net charge on one side of the complete port.
At the AC interface, in the steady periodic regime, \(\int_{0}^{T} i(t)\,dt = 0\) through the chosen cross-section of a single conductor, while the absolute turnover \(\int_{0}^{T} |i(t)|\,dt\) is non-zero and the active energy \(E = \int_{0}^{T} u(t)\,i(t)\,dt\) can be delivered to the customer.
−48 V DC
No inverter. The output stage is configured for the target DC rating. One mandatory conversion step fewer; an industry-standard interface rather than a grid interface.
Priority configuration230 V AC
The inverter supply link and the inverter itself are added. The designation “220V AC” is a commercial name for the product class, not an engineering rating.
Supplementary configuration48V DC First. 220V AC Later.
What is established and how it is independently confirmed
Independent validation reproduces the operating test and applies third-party full-boundary metrology, traceability and custody. Its purpose is external confirmation and reproducibility of the operating regime and customer output already observed in laboratory operation.
Where to go next
The engineering pages below form a fixed sequence. Each one continues the route rather than repeating it.
Understanding VENDOR.Max
The principle in plain terms, for a first reading.
Explore 02Where the energy comes from
How charge flow becomes measurable power, and what the coefficient G shows.
Explore 03Active power metrology
How active power is measured in an open system, and on which plane.
Explore 04Investor room
Request in-depth materials under controlled access.
ExploreRecurring questions
What stages make up the operation of VENDOR.Max?
Brief startup, impulse excitation, formation of the coupled resonant regime, electromagnetic extraction, rectification, and formation of the customer output.
Does the start battery keep powering the device after startup?
In the laboratory reference configuration, no. After startup, both conductors of the external battery are physically disconnected and conductive charge transport through the start port ceases.
Do the storage and resonant assemblies use the same switching event?
No. These are two distinct switching events of the architecture. The construction of one cannot be inferred from the construction of the other.
Do electrons from the primary side cross into the output path?
No. The electromagnetic field transfers energy and drives the motion of the receiving side’s own carrier ensemble.
What does the regulated feedback do?
It returns part of the main DC bus flow to the excitation assembly to sustain the next working event. The feedback is a route of transport, not an energy store in its own right.
How do the DC and AC configurations differ?
The regulated DC output is the customer interface of the physical core. For the AC configuration a separate inverter stage is added.
Charge accounting does not replace energy accounting — it restores the output port’s physical structure. Substitution in either direction is inadmissible.
This page describes the implemented functional architecture and the route by which the customer output is formed. Its qualitative relationships follow the adopted equivalent model and the project’s laboratory operating record. Quantitative performance is documented in the relevant evidence record; independent full-boundary metrology provides the third-party confirmation layer.
