Technology

How VENDOR.Max Works

Q: What happens after startup?

The startup energy pulse from the built-in storage element builds up the coupled resonant regime through impulse excitation, and the system climbs the ladder of operating states to its operating point. Once the operating-regime loop closes, the input of the excitation path is fed by the regime branch from the main DC bus, and the built-in storage element becomes the bidirectional buffer of BBMS.

Q: What happens when the customer port is open?

A voltage is present at the port and the active transfer through it is zero. Meanwhile, the system operates at its own operating point and supplies the regime branch, control, auxiliary circuits and internal losses.

Q: Is the installation truly unloaded without an external load?

No. The first load of VENDOR.Max is its own architecture: without a customer load, all extraction from the resonant regime goes into the internal branches and internal losses.

Q: What changes when a load is connected?

The load closes a new charge-flow circuit and adds a customer component to the internal draw. The system moves from its initial operating point to a new one, in which the regime supports both the internal operation of the architecture and the customer load.

Q: How does BBMS move the system to a new operating point?

The main DC bus capacitors cover the fastest transient, the BBMS battery buffer bridges the longer transient interval, and BBMS changes the energy and charge of the impulse events, their frequency, the number of active channels and the triggering phase until a new coordinated operating point is established. After the transition the battery restores its charge.

Q: How do the DC and AC interfaces differ?

The regulated DC output is the customer interface of the physical core. The AC configuration adds an inverter cascade to it.

VENDOR.Max is a controlled electrodynamic system of operating states. A brief initiation forms an impulse excitation that builds up a coupled resonant regime. Impulse excitation, the coupled resonant regime, electromagnetic extraction, rectification, the main DC bus and regime feedback together form the operating-regime loop that sustains the operation of the architecture.

Without a customer load, the system supports its own operating regime. When a load is connected, a new charge-flow circuit closes, the draw increases, and BBMS moves the whole system to a new operating point. Output power is the result of this coordinated operating state, not a preset number of kilowatts waiting at an unloaded socket.

First, VENDOR.Max forms its operating regime. The operating-regime loop then sustains the architecture. Connecting a load creates a new circuit and increases the draw. BBMS adjusts the impulse pumping while the buffers bridge the transition. The resonant store and the main DC bus then converge on a new operating point, at which power becomes available at the customer port.

The whole page in five sentences

Node map

Six nodes of one cycle

Impulse pumping → Resonant storage and circulation → Controlled extraction → Active power at the customer port

Each node links to the section that explains it.

Initiation

A startup energy pulse launches the sequence of impulse events.

Impulse pumping

The excitation assembly drives the state of the resonant regime with discrete events.

Coupled resonant regime

A dynamic energy store and sustained circulation.

Organised extraction

Part of the regime energy passes into the receiving side’s own carrier ensemble.

Rectification and main DC bus

A directed flow, divided between regime return, control and the customer cascade.

Customer cascade

The regulated DC output and the customer interface.

Physics

The physical mechanisms of the architecture

The architecture of VENDOR.Max combines established physical mechanisms of pulsed power engineering, coupled resonant systems, electromagnetic transfer, high-frequency rectification and controlled power electronics. VENDOR’s own development lies in organising these mechanisms into a single controlled operating cycle.

The references on this page lead directly to publisher records and DOI entries. They show the current state of the physical and engineering classes joined in the architecture of VENDOR.Max: pulse formation, coupled resonant regimes, electromagnetic extraction, operation under load and the measurement of active power.

Preparation of a local energy reserve for each excitation event.

Within the patent-disclosed gas-filled discharge channel, field-driven ionisation and avalanche multiply the available electron–ion carriers.

Fast release of the stored state: the conducting channel concentrates charge transfer into a short time window.

Excitation of a coupled resonant system by a sequence of discrete energy injections.

Coherent resonant accumulation: successive injections build a regime-energy store many times greater than the energy of one event.

Electromagnetic transfer between physically distinct carrier ensembles.

Controlled extraction from the resonant regime under load.

Rectification and distribution of a directed flow.

Protected solution

The protected structural solution concerns the excitation assembly: several parallel discharge channels with different triggering thresholds, offset and overlapping spectra, a sectioned storage element and individual rectification for each channel. This combination of features is set out in independent claim 1. Patent protection: ES2950176B2 (Granted), WO2024209235A1 (Published).

Patent disclosure and current engineering

This page explains VENDOR.Max through the functional architecture disclosed in the published patent family. The patent block numbers and the gas-filled discharge-channel description refer to that public disclosure. The current prototype programme develops a new engineering implementation of the same functional principles and operating logic. Its component topology, switching implementation, materials, system integration and control architecture may therefore differ from the illustrative embodiments described in the patent materials and form part of VENDOR’s proprietary engineering.

Scientific Foundations · Patent Portfolio

Excitation

How the excitation assembly drives the operating regime

Initiation

A startup energy pulse forms the initial charge state and launches the sequence of impulse events. In the standard architecture the start storage element sits inside the device; the START button is a control event that enables internal switching: command → BBMS → storage element → excitation assembly. Motion begins among carriers already present in the conductors, windings and contacts.

Once the operating regime is reached, the storage element changes function: from source of initiation to bidirectional transient buffer of BBMS.

The historical laboratory configuration used an external start source, physically disconnected after initiation. The standard architecture integrates the start storage element inside the device and, after startup, uses it as the bidirectional regime buffer of BBMS.

Excitation assembly

The excitation assembly (patent block 3) accumulates separated charge in a sectioned storage element and prepares the energy reserve for an event. In the gas-filled discharge-channel implementation disclosed in the patent, reaching the triggering threshold initiates ionisation and an electron–ion avalanche. The avalanche multiplies the number of available charge carriers in the channel: additional electron–ion pairs appear and the gap becomes conducting. This is carrier multiplication. The energy of carrier motion is supplied by the electric field supported by the storage element.

More mobile carriers → Higher channel conductivity → Faster release of stored charge

The avalanche provides the carriers. The electric field supported by the storage element supplies the energy of their motion.

The conducting channel then allows the storage element to release part of its stored energy within a short interval. It sets the timing, rise characteristics and temporal waveform of the injection pulse. The resulting sequence of discrete energy injections drives the resonant system:

\(P_{\mathrm{pump}} = \sum_j f_j\,E_{\mathrm{inj},j}\)

(1)

Here \(E_{\mathrm{inj},j}\) is the energy of an event that actually crosses the boundary of the primary circuit.

The regime is set by more than the average pumping power. It is set by the energy and charge of each event, the repetition frequency, the pulse edges, the triggering phase relative to the ongoing oscillation, the number of active channels and the state of the coupled resonant system before the next event.

Scientific basis

Fast release of a locally stored state and control of the temporal waveform of an event remain an active field of pulsed power engineering. Zeltser, Schächter and Krasik (2026, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science) demonstrated experimentally a compact spiral generator with a sharpening spark gap that forms current pulses with sub-nanosecond rise time:

Spiral Generator as a Compact Pulse Power Source for Sub-ns Pulses

The excitation assembly drives the state of the resonant regime by a sequence of discrete energy injections.

Regime

How the operating regime is formed

Together, the impulse excitation assembly and the system of coupled high-voltage Tesla-type resonators form the operating regime VENDOR calls Tesla Pump.

In the system of coupled high-voltage Tesla-type resonators (patent block 5) a dynamic energy store of the regime is formed — the sum of an electric and a magnetic term:

\(E_{\mathrm{mode}} = E_E + E_H\)

(2)

Energy is repeatedly redistributed between the electric and magnetic states. This is sustained circulation. The high internal voltage reflects the electric component of the regime store, and the large circulating current reflects the magnetic one. Together they set the scale of the internal apparent power; active transfer through a chosen port is defined by the synchronous mean \(\langle u(t)\,i(t) \rangle\).

Resonant Circulation

In the coupled resonant regime, successive energy injections timed to the oscillatory state add coherently. The regime-energy store builds over many events and can become many times greater than the energy delivered by one reference injection. This is resonant accumulation: every increment in \(E_{\mathrm{mode}}\) is contributed by successive injections, while losses and extraction limit the steady store.

The two multiplications occur at different physical levels. In the patent-disclosed gas-filled discharge channels, ionisation and avalanche multiply the number of available charge carriers. In the resonant system, repeated phase-coherent injections build an energy store many times greater than the energy of one excitation event.

How pumping, losses and extraction determine the operating-regime balance is developed in Energy Model.

The patent-disclosed discharge channels multiply available charge carriers. Phase-coherent injections build a resonant energy store many times greater than one excitation event.

Coulombs can circulate many times. Joules are counted once.

Scientific basis

Karalis et al. (2008) developed the coupled-mode description of efficient non-radiative energy transfer between resonant objects:

Efficient Wireless Non-Radiative Mid-Range Energy Transfer

A foundational experimental demonstration of transfer between strongly coupled magnetic resonances was published by Kurs et al. (2007, Science):

Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances

Wang and Ludois (2025) experimentally analysed floating single-wire power transfer between two points in space through Tesla resonators:

Floating Single-Wire Power Transfer Between Two Points in Space via Tesla Resonators

Current literature continues to develop the geometry, coupling and mode structure of Tesla-type resonator systems. Wang et al. (2025) published a segmented mutual-inductance model for a Tesla transformer with an extremely high turns ratio:

Modeling and Design of the Tesla Transformer With an Extremely High Turns Ratio

Chen et al. (2026) presented a miniaturised pulse generator based on triple resonance:

A High-Efficiency and Miniaturized Pulse Generator Based on a Triple-Resonant Tesla Transformer

Resonant Store and Controlled Extraction

The central engineering task is to coordinate pumping, losses and extraction so that useful power can be transferred while the resonant state remains within its controlled operating window.

The resonant assembly has its own internal switching, separate from the threshold switching event of the excitation assembly. The two events perform different functions within the architecture.

Regime balance:

\(\dfrac{dE_{\mathrm{mode}}}{dt} = P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}} – P_{\mathrm{loss,mode}} – P_{\mathrm{take}}\)

(3)

Operating point of the regime, \(\langle dE_{\mathrm{mode}}/dt \rangle = 0\):

\(P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}} = P_{\mathrm{loss,mode}} + P_{\mathrm{take}}\)

(4)

Boundary of the primary circuit

\(P_{\mathrm{pump}}\)

The flow of impulse events at the boundary of the primary circuit, formed by the excitation assembly.

Regime store

\(P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}}\)

The part of the pumping that enters the store of the coupled resonant regime after intermediate transfer and losses. The regime balance uses \(P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}}\).

Cycle

How the operating-regime loop closes

Electromagnetic extraction transfers part of the regime energy through the field into the receiving side’s own carrier ensemble. The coupling is bidirectional: the draw on the receiving side is reflected in the regime.

Rectification (patent block 12) forms a directed flow and passes it to the main DC bus — a reservoir of separated charge. The bus divides the flow between three branches:

the regime return to the excitation assembly;
control and auxiliary supply;
the customer cascade.

The regime return brings part of the flow to the input of the excitation assembly and feeds the next event. The architecture closes into the operating-regime loop:

\(P_{\mathrm{fb}} \rightarrow \text{excitation assembly} \rightarrow P_{\mathrm{pump}} \rightarrow E_{\mathrm{mode}} \rightarrow P_{\mathrm{take}} \rightarrow \text{rectification} \rightarrow \text{main DC bus} \rightarrow P_{\mathrm{fb}}\)

(5)

Scientific basis

Sustained oscillation with an active element and feedback belongs to the established class of self-oscillating systems. A systematic account of self-oscillation dynamics is the review by Jenkins (2013, Physics Reports 525(2)):

Self-Oscillation

The galvanically isolated customer-interface cascade (patent block 13) — switching, isolating transformer and rectification — forms the regulated DC output. The customer interface has its own carrier ensemble and is separated from the internal regime by a magnetic coupling interface.

Boundary

Frame 1 — the working core

Frame 1 encloses the working core: the excitation assembly, the coupled resonant regime with organised extraction, rectification and the power section of the customer cascade up to the regulated DC output. Here impulse pumping forms the resonant regime, electromagnetic extraction takes place and a regulated DC flow is created.

The main DC bus, BBMS, the regime branch and the feedback path sit outside Frame 1, inside the device. Frame 1 is the working core; the full operating-regime loop closes at device level through the main DC bus and the regime branch.

The cycle and the working core

The operating-regime loop closes through the main DC bus and the regime branch; the customer cascade forms a separate output draw from the coordinated operating point.

Self-load

How the system operates without a customer load

Extraction from the regime splits into an internal and a customer component:

\(P_{\mathrm{take}} = P_{\mathrm{take,int}} + P_{\mathrm{take,customer}}\)

(6)

With the customer load disconnected, \(P_{\mathrm{take,customer}} = 0\), so

\(P_{\mathrm{take}} = P_{\mathrm{take,int}}, \qquad P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}} = P_{\mathrm{loss,mode}} + P_{\mathrm{take,int}}\)

(7)

The internal extraction \(P_{\mathrm{take,int}}\), referred to the extraction boundary of the resonant regime, comprises the regime return, control, auxiliary supply and the internal losses of the downstream stages.

Without a customer load, VENDOR.Max is already loaded by its own architecture: the regime branch, control, auxiliary circuits and internal losses.

What the operating point is

The operating point is the state in which average internal stores do not drift while internal flows match current extraction and own losses. Two levels converge in it at the same time:

\(\left\langle \dfrac{dE_{\mathrm{mode}}}{dt} \right\rangle \approx 0, \qquad \langle R_{\mathrm{bus}} \rangle = \left\langle \dfrac{dE_{\mathrm{bus}}}{dt} \right\rangle \approx 0\)

(8)

Voltages, currents, temperatures and extraction depth lie within the working window. BBMS holds the operating point.

Load

What connecting a load changes

While the output port is open-circuit, a voltage is present at it, there is no closed customer circuit, and the active transfer through the port is zero.

Once a load is connected:

a new charge-flow circuit closes;
a customer component of extraction \(P_{\mathrm{take,customer}}\) appears;
the total extraction from the regime increases;
the previous operating point \(x^\star_1\) gives way to the loaded operating point \(x^\star_2\).

The load does not receive kilowatts that were waiting in the socket. It changes the conditions of the whole system, and VENDOR.Max moves to the corresponding loaded operating point.

How the load reaches the regime

The draw in the customer ensemble increases.
At the magnetic coupling interface of the customer cascade the opposing field strengthens.
The primary side of the customer cascade increases its draw from the main DC bus.
The charge separation on the bus begins to change.
BBMS registers the change of state.
The regime branch changes its action on the excitation assembly.
The impulse pumping changes.
The resonant regime moves to a new working state.
The new operating point supplies the required customer draw.

The system does not deliver different powers from one unchanged regime: when the load changes, the whole closed system adjusts its own operating point — from the input of the excitation assembly to the power available to the customer cascade.

Scientific basis

Current literature treats loaded coupled resonant systems as one dynamic problem that includes compensation, choice of operating frequency and formation of the required output characteristic. Chen et al. (2024, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics) showed simultaneous resonance of three coupled circuits through a compensation network:

Efficiency Improvement and Harmonic Suppression of Single-Wire Power Transmission System Through Compensation Network

Qi et al. (2024, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II) showed constant-voltage or constant-current output obtained by choice of operating frequency:

Frequency Selection to Achieve CV/CC Output for Single-Wire Power Transfer Systems

Transition

How BBMS moves the system to a new operating point

BBMS manages transitions between operating points. It coordinates the state of the main DC bus, the regime branch, the impulse pumping and the buffer stores. The levers of a transition are the pumping parameters: energy and charge of each event, repetition frequency, number of active channels, triggering phase and storage voltage. The system moves from \(x^\star_1\) to \(x^\star_2\).

Transient gap and buffers

On a step change, the connected load demands additional flow almost instantly relative to the regime adjustment time. The discharge channels, the resonant regime, the converters and the control reach the new operating point within a finite time. During the transition the demanded power and the regime power diverge, \(P_{\mathrm{demand}}(t) \neq P_{\mathrm{mode}}(t)\). The energy the buffer supplies temporarily is the area of that gap:

\(\Delta E_{\mathrm{buffer}} = \displaystyle\int_{t_0}^{t_1} \bigl(P_{\mathrm{demand}}(t) – P_{\mathrm{mode}}(t)\bigr)\,dt\)

(9)

Load change

The customer component of extraction increases.

Fast transient

The main DC bus capacitors release part of their stored energy: \(P_C = -\,d\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}CU^2\right)/dt\).

Transient interval

The BBMS battery buffer increases its supply to the regime branch, \(P_{\mathrm{BBMS}} > 0\), and holds the input of the excitation assembly.

Pumping adjustment

BBMS changes the parameters of the impulse events; \(P_{\mathrm{pump}}\) changes, and with it \(P_{\mathrm{pump,mode}}\) and the store \(E_{\mathrm{mode}}\).

New operating point

The regime balance and the bus balance converge again; the adjusted regime serves the new steady load.

Buffer recovery

The battery takes energy back, \(P_{\mathrm{BBMS}} < 0\), and restores its charge.

When the load drops, the sign of the gap reverses and the buffer takes up the surplus.

Four time levels
Time scale	Function
Microseconds to milliseconds	The DC bus capacitors cover the fast transient
Milliseconds to seconds	The BBMS battery bridges the transient energy gap
Seconds and slower	BBMS moves the system between operating points
Continuously	The bus branch network distributes the steady flow

The ladder of operating states

As the load grows, the system climbs the ladder of operating states to a point with a larger \(E_{\mathrm{mode}}\), so that the target extraction remains a controlled fraction of the regime store.

Transition between operating points

The buffers carry the system through the transition; the adjusted regime takes the steady load; the buffer is then restored.

Buffer

The buffer buys time, not the operating point. Over a long steady window the buffer exchange converges to zero, \(\Delta E_{\mathrm{battery}} \approx 0\): the buffer moves energy between moments in time, and the adjusted regime powers the load.

Control

VENDOR.Max does not switch between ready-made power levels. It manages the state of the architecture according to the actual load.

Power

How the operating point becomes customer power

VENDOR.Max output power is defined at an operating point with a connected load. Voltage sets the energy transferred per unit charge, current sets the rate of charge transfer, and the time-synchronous average of their product gives the rate of energy delivery to the load:

\(P_{\mathrm{customer}} = \langle u_{\mathrm{port}}(t)\,i_{\mathrm{port}}(t) \rangle\)

(10)

The definitions of electrical power quantities for sinusoidal, nonsinusoidal, balanced and unbalanced conditions are set by the current standard IEEE Std 1459-2025.

Regime level

\(P_{\mathrm{take,customer}}\)

The customer component of extraction, referred to the boundary of the resonant regime.

Customer port

\(P_{\mathrm{customer}}\)

The active power directly at the customer port.

Between them lie rectification, the main DC bus, distribution, the customer cascade and the losses of the product cascade. The customer component of extraction passes through these conversions and becomes the measurable power at the customer port.

An open port has voltage and zero active transfer. A connected port is a cross-section of a new closed circuit. The relevant system characteristic is the range of operating points that the architecture forms and holds under load.

The socket

A socket is an interface, not a store of power. With the port open, a voltage exists at it, but there is no active transfer. A connected load closes a new circuit, and the output power becomes the result of the corresponding operating point of the system.

Active Power Metrology

One physical core, two interfaces

Priority configuration

−48 V DC

Regulated DC is the output of the physical core. A direct path without an inverter; an industry-standard interface.

Supplementary configuration

230 V AC

AC is an additional interface cascade. The configuration adds the inverter supply link and the inverter itself: one conversion step more than the direct path.

VENDOR.Max

Status

Project status

TRL 4

The architecture is implemented. The project’s next transition is from implemented operation to independently documented evidence, and then to a reproducible and certifiable industrial product.

Endurance Test · Technology Validation

Reading route

Where to go next

Understanding VENDOR.Max

The principle in plain terms.

Explore 02

Where the energy comes from

Source attribution at the complete device boundary and its measurement programme.

Explore 03

Resonant Circulation

The physics of the internal regime.

Explore 04

Technology Validation

The complete device boundary and the independent validation programme.

Explore 05

Investor Room

In-depth materials under controlled access.

Explore

Questions

Frequently asked questions

What happens after startup?

The startup energy pulse from the built-in storage element builds up the coupled resonant regime through impulse excitation, and the system climbs the ladder of operating states to its operating point. Once the operating-regime loop closes, the input of the excitation path is fed by the regime branch from the main DC bus, and the built-in storage element becomes the bidirectional buffer of BBMS.

What happens when the customer port is open?

A voltage is present at the port and the active transfer through it is zero. Meanwhile, the system operates at its own operating point and supplies the regime branch, control, auxiliary circuits and internal losses.

Is the installation truly unloaded without an external load?

No. The first load of VENDOR.Max is its own architecture: without a customer load, all extraction from the resonant regime goes into the internal branches and internal losses.

What changes when a load is connected?

The load closes a new charge-flow circuit and adds a customer component to the internal draw. The system moves from its initial operating point to a new one, in which the regime supports both the internal operation of the architecture and the customer load.

How does BBMS move the system to a new operating point?

The main DC bus capacitors cover the fastest transient, the BBMS battery buffer bridges the longer transient interval, and BBMS changes the energy and charge of the impulse events, their frequency, the number of active channels and the triggering phase until a new coordinated operating point is established. After the transition the battery restores its charge.

How do the DC and AC interfaces differ?

The regulated DC output is the customer interface of the physical core. The AC configuration adds an inverter cascade to it.