Scientific Foundations of VENDOR.Max

What VENDOR discloses: VENDOR.Max works with the charge carriers already present in its conductors before switch-on; the architecture organizes their motion.

Scientific territory: surface charge on circuit conductors; field and charge distribution in elementary circuits; energy flow in circuits.

What the literature establishes: the surface charge of a circuit simultaneously maintains the potential distribution, the external field and the organization of directed current; the quantitative treatment for elementary circuits was worked out decades ago. These results hold for every circuit, VENDOR.Max included.

Representative peer-reviewed research: the three roles of surface charge on circuit wires and resistors^[1]; fields and charges in elementary circuits^[2]; surface charges and fields of simple circuits^[3].

Continue the search: surface charge circuit · energy flow in circuits · American Journal of Physics.

What VENDOR discloses: the architecture accumulates separated charge in storage elements and releases it in fast, controlled events; this stage prepares the excitation applied to the resonant stage.

Scientific territory: pulsed-power systems and capacitive energy storage; pulse compression and pulse forming.

What the literature establishes: staged restructuring of an electrical process in time — storage, switching, time compression — is a mature engineering practice in repetitive operation; step-up transformation is routinely used as an intermediate tool inside such chains rather than as the output; the properties of the switching event itself (rise rate, duration, repetition rate, spectrum) are treated as design variables. Time compression raises peak power at a given stored energy; the transfer efficiency of each stage is a design variable.

Representative research and engineering literature: the systematic monograph of the field^[4]; a repetitive megawatt-class module built as five stages of magnetic time compression with a step-up transformer placed between the stages^[5][6]; and recent experimental work extends the same territory to sub-nanosecond pulse formation — a compact spiral generator using a sharpening spark gap produced current pulses up to 0.8 kA with rise times of ≤300 ps^[7].

Continue the search: pulsed power engineering · magnetic pulse compression · pulse forming network.

What VENDOR discloses: according to the published patent, the switching event takes place in gas-filled discharge channels. As ionization develops and the breakdown condition is reached, the gap transitions from a weakly conducting or non-conducting state to a conducting discharge state within a short interval.

Scientific territory: gas discharge physics; electron-impact ionization; Townsend avalanche; nonlinear plasma and sheath dynamics; RF and dual-frequency discharges; breakdown criteria and Paschen scaling; spark-gap switching; pulsed breakdown and formative delay.

What the literature establishes: in a gas-filled gap, seed electrons accelerated by the electric field can gain enough energy between collisions to ionize neutral particles; each ionizing collision releases further carriers, producing an electron avalanche. In the classical Townsend regime the electron population grows approximately exponentially with distance, \(N = N_0 e^{\alpha d}\), where \(\alpha\) is the first Townsend ionization coefficient; a self-sustaining discharge additionally requires secondary-electron processes, and breakdown voltage scales with the product of pressure and gap distance (Paschen). Carriers are created in electron–ion pairs, so net charge is unchanged. The avalanche increases the number of free carriers and the conductivity of the gap; the energy those carriers carry is supplied by the electric field across the gap and by the circuit that maintains it. The exponential Townsend law describes the avalanche stage before space charge dominates; streamer, glow and arc regimes require additional physics. Beyond the avalanche stage, the resulting plasma–sheath system is itself nonlinear and frequency-dependent. Established RF-plasma literature shows that simultaneous electrical components at different frequencies can modify sheath dynamics, carrier density, electron heating and power absorption; dual-frequency coupling can also produce sum and beat components. These are properties of the plasma interface as a physical class; their contribution in VENDOR.Max is part of the stage-by-stage energy accounting.

Representative research and engineering literature: the foundational theory of ionization by collision^[8]; the systematic physics of gas discharges^[9]; an experimental study of argon breakdown using the Townsend coefficients and the breakdown criterion^[10]; a review of the diagnostics of barrier discharges^[11]; the physics of radio-frequency plasmas and their sheaths^[12]; electron heating enhanced by dual-frequency excitation^[13]; a dual-frequency atmospheric-pressure corona discharge^[14]; a simulation of frequency mixing and electron dynamics in a dual low- and radio-frequency discharge^[15].

Continue the search: Townsend avalanche · first Townsend ionization coefficient · Paschen law · dual-frequency discharge · plasma sheath · spark gap switching · Journal of Physics D.

What VENDOR discloses: according to the published patent, the architecture uses two or more parallel discharge channels with different breakdown voltages — three in the patent example — whose spectra are offset relative to one another within a range of 1–20 kHz.

Scientific territory: multi-gap and multi-channel switching; breakdown statistics and threshold behaviour; spectral overlap of repetitive excitation.

What the literature establishes: parallel discharge channels and multi-gap switches are an established engineering class in pulsed power; the number of channels that conduct, their synchronism and the resulting rise time depend on circuit, gap and pre-ionization conditions. More generally, dual- and multi-frequency discharge research shows that different frequency components can act on different parts of the same discharge dynamics and can interact nonlinearly rather than behaving as independent linear excitations. The literature documents these elements as separate classes. The specific composition described in the patent — channels with different breakdown voltages whose spectra overlap, so that neighbouring channels maintain spectral content near resonance when one channel drifts — is VENDOR’s own arrangement, set out in the published patent.

Representative research and engineering literature: the foundational treatment of multichannel switching^[16]; multi-channel discharge in field-distortion switch gaps^[17]; a two-gap switch comparing channel formation in a self-breakdown gap and in a triggered gap^[18]; dual-frequency enhancement of electron heating^[13]; coexisting frequency-dependent discharge modes in an atmospheric-pressure corona^[14]; and LF–RF coupling with sum and beat components^[15].

Continue the search: multichannel spark gap · multi-gap gas switch · breakdown jitter.

What VENDOR discloses: the transmitting resonator of VENDOR.Max is designated in the project canon as a Tesla coil — in engineering terms, a Tesla transformer (Tesla coil), an air-cored resonant transformer. The high-voltage resonator forms a strong alternating field and holds the stored energy, amplitude and circulation of the regime. According to the published patent, the resonant frequency of the primary circuit is 2.45 MHz (patent example value).

Scientific territory: coupled resonant circuits; resonant transformers; transient and resonant dynamics of Tesla transformers.

What the literature establishes: a Tesla transformer is a two-coil resonant transformer — two air-coupled resonant circuits tuned to the same frequency; complete transfer of the stored primary state into the secondary occurs at discrete values of the coupling coefficient, over a transient of several oscillation cycles. “Tesla transformer” names a physical class; topology, coupling, geometry and operating regime determine its electrical behavior. Modern research continues to change topology, coupling, distributed geometry, operating regime and integration in order to obtain different electrical characteristics.

Representative peer-reviewed research, from analysis to the current frontier: transient dual-resonant analysis and optimal tuning^[19]; the class definition^[20]; semiconductor-controlled high-test-voltage implementations^[21]; spiral transformers in repetitive nanosecond pulse generators^[22]; planar arc-ignition transformers in industrial power supplies^[23]; segmented mutual-inductance modeling for extremely high turns ratios^[24]; a 500 kV generator designed in a deliberately off-resonance operating mode^[25]; and a miniaturized triple-resonant Tesla-transformer pulse generator published in 2026^[26].

Continue the search: Tesla transformer · air-cored resonant transformer · dual-resonant analysis · triple-resonant Tesla transformer · IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

What VENDOR discloses: VENDOR.Max is started by a brief initiation — in the endurance test, a 9 V source for about 10 s, then physically disconnected (Recorded observation) — and then runs in a sustained oscillatory regime. The project describes this as Armstrong-type discharge-resonant excitation; its engineering analogues are set out on VENDOR System. Switching and resonance form a closed regime loop through the charging path of the feedback: the field and the discharge are linked through that path rather than by direct application of the coil field to the gap. According to the published patent, positive feedback runs from the high-voltage winding through rectifiers back to the storage elements.

Scientific territory: self-oscillation; feedback oscillators; regenerative circuits; nonlinear coupling between discharge dynamics and resonant excitation; harmonic generation and plasma-series resonance; energy relations in nonlinear frequency conversion.

What the literature establishes: self-oscillation is an established class of dynamical systems: self-oscillators combine an active element, an energy supply and a feedback path that sets the conditions for sustained oscillation; the engineering lineage is documented from the 1914 patent and the 1915 IRE publication, and historians trace the continuous study of the class to the 1880s. Everyday members include the quartz timing references in watches, computers and communications equipment. In capacitively coupled RF discharges, the plasma–sheath system can exhibit nonlinear reactive behaviour: nonlinear sheath motion generates harmonics, plasma-series resonance can enhance them, and tailored multi-harmonic excitation can create electrical asymmetry and DC self-bias. For ideal nonlinear reactive elements, the Manley–Rowe relations fix how power is shared between interacting frequency components, with the pump supplying the converted power. A gas-discharge channel adds dissipation, hysteresis and internal states; the corresponding model is part of the VENDOR research track on parametric and coupled-mode exchange.

Representative scientific and engineering literature: the modern class review^[27]; the foundational patent^[28] and publication^[29]; the peer-reviewed history of the concept^[30]; dual-frequency enhancement of electron heating^[13]; LF–RF coupling with sum and beat components^[15]; plasma-series-resonance-enhanced harmonics^[31]; electrical asymmetry and DC self-bias under tailored multi-harmonic excitation^[32]; classical energy relations between frequency components in nonlinear reactive elements^[33].

Continue the search: self-oscillation · regenerative circuit · limit cycle · Physics Reports · plasma series resonance · Manley–Rowe relations.

What VENDOR discloses: VENDOR.Max contains coupled resonant structures that are galvanically separated and interact through the electromagnetic field. The field transfers energy between local charge-carrier ensembles; each resonant structure keeps its own carriers.

Scientific territory: coupled resonators; resonant inductive coupling; voltage and current transformation in coupled resonant structures.

What the literature establishes: strong coupling of high-Q resonant states is analyzed theoretically; transfer between physically separated resonators is an experimental result; the limits of resonant coupling — coupling coefficient, stray field, efficiency versus distance — are the subject of critical review.

Representative peer-reviewed research: the theory of strongly coupled resonant states^[34]; the direct experimental demonstration^[35]; the critical review of limits^[36].

Continue the search: resonant inductive coupling · coupled resonators mode splitting · wireless power transfer critical review.

What VENDOR discloses: VENDOR.Max uses a separate pickup circuit, galvanically separated from the resonant structures that excite it and coupled to them through the field. Connecting and loading this extraction path changes the state of the coupled system; extraction is therefore an active part of the loaded dynamics.

Scientific territory: loaded-resonator dynamics; compensation networks; load-independent output regimes; resonant energy transfer and extraction under load.

What the literature establishes: a separate engineering literature addresses how useful loaded resonant states are formed and maintained: compensation networks can bring multiple loops into simultaneous resonance, and selected operating regimes can make output voltage or current largely independent of load within a defined range. Here, “load-independent” refers to a selected output quantity, while the internal resonant state adapts to the load. For each system, the transfer rate and port voltage under load are measured on the system itself.

Representative peer-reviewed research: a compensation network bringing three loops into simultaneous resonance^[37]; and load-independent constant-voltage or constant-current output obtained through operating-frequency selection^[38].

Continue the search: compensation network · load-independent output.

What VENDOR discloses: downstream of the pickup circuit stand rectification, the main DC bus and a regulated output stage. After rectification the high-frequency extraction forms a directed flow, and the power capacitor integrates it into a directly measurable store, \(E_C = \tfrac{1}{2} C U^2\). The output interface belongs to the same class as ordinary infrastructure equipment.

Scientific territory: high-frequency rectification; resonant power conversion.

What the literature establishes: high-frequency rectification and resonant conversion form a subject-level engineering discipline with systematic methods of analysis and design, deployed from consumer power supplies to telecom −48 V rectifier plants.

Representative engineering literature: the standard monograph of the discipline^[39].

Continue the search: resonant power converters · high-frequency rectifiers · switch-mode power supply design.

What VENDOR discloses: control holds VENDOR.Max at bounded operating points matched to the load: with no load it holds the minimum necessary regime, and when the load changes the excitation and extraction are restructured into a new operating point.

Scientific territory: nonlinear dynamical systems; stability of operating points; load-dependent equilibria; control of resonant power converters.

What the literature establishes: operating points, their stability, load-dependent equilibria and controlled transitions between bounded states are established concepts in nonlinear dynamics and power electronics. The way VENDOR.Max senses, selects and maintains its operating points is VENDOR’s proprietary engineering.

Representative scientific and engineering literature: a standard text on nonlinear dynamics and the stability of operating points^[40]; a standard text on power converters and their control^[41].

Continue the search: operating point stability · nonlinear dynamics · resonant converter control.