Where the Energy Is Accounted
in VENDOR.Max
Boundary closes. Inside the boundary, a cascade.
VENDOR.Max is an Armstrong-type nonlinear electrodynamic oscillator operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime at the pre-commercial validation stage (TRL 5–6). This page describes the energy-transfer architecture inside the regime; the full energy-source question closes at the complete device boundary, where classical conservation applies at all operational states.
classical conservation at all operational states
The right question is not “where does the energy come from” but “where do the carriers come from” — they are multiplied by the field in the sealed vacuum switching unit; the field is governed by Coulomb’s law; that field is established by the capacitive node; and the capacitive node is inside the complete device boundary.
Inside the device, energy passes through a cascade of transformations — not appearance of energy, but sequential conversion through different physical carriers: electrostatic → electric field → kinetic → electromagnetic → magnetic → induced EMF → electrostatic (via regulated feedback path) + parallel branch into load.
Reading rule. At the link level, the system is described as the work of the field on transported charge (W = q·ΔU). At the complete device boundary, full accounting is defined in power terms (Pin,boundary). These are different levels of description, and they must not be conflated.
Armstrong-type nonlinear electrodynamic oscillator, controlled discharge-resonant regime at TRL 5–6.
Sustained operation is evaluated at the complete device boundary, where external electrical input is included in boundary-level accounting at all times.
Where local ratios change — carriers, current amplitude, voltage ratio, circulating charge — and why boundary-level energy is not multiplied.
Patents: ES2950176 (granted, Spain) · WO2024209235 (PCT) · MICRO DIGITAL ELECTRONICS CORP S.R.L., Romania, EU.
Direct Answer · Public Disclosure Boundary
The Energy Question —
Answered Directly
The direct public answer is this: energy is accounted at the complete device boundary through Pin,boundary.
At the system level, this corresponds to a real electrical input accounted at the operating port of the complete device boundary.
It does not come from the startup battery, air, vacuum, resonance, carrier multiplication, or the switching medium. The startup battery provides only the initial impulse required to establish the operating regime; it is not the sustained energy source.
Inside the device, energy is transformed, redistributed, stored, returned, delivered to the load, and dissipated as losses. Sustained operation is evaluated at the complete device boundary through:
Pin,boundary = Pload + Plosses + dE/dtThe specific operating-input configuration depends on validation setup and deployment architecture and is not disclosed in public materials at TRL 5–6.
01 · Reading Frame · Linear Model vs. Cascade
Where the Linear
Model Breaks Here
When an engineer first looks at VENDOR.Max, they automatically search for what they are used to: one primary energy reservoir, one transmission channel, one output to load. That linear model works for diesel generators, for solar arrays, for battery banks — everywhere energy follows a single trajectory from reservoir to consumer.
In this architecture, that trajectory does not exist. What exists instead is a graph of conversions with branching and a return loop: each link transfers energy in the form the next link accepts, while part of the flow returns through a regulated feedback path, closing an internal circulation.
Source → Transmission → Load
- One stream, one direction, one form of energy.
- Conservation verified by simple addition: what enters equals what leaves, minus losses.
- Works for diesel, solar, batteries, fuel cells — any single-trajectory system.
- Fails when the architecture has branching or a return loop.
Capacitor → Field → Carriers → Pulse current → Magnetic field → Induced EMF → (return + load)
- Seven energy forms, six conversions, one return loop.
- Total accounting is verified at the complete device boundary, while each link remains consistent with classical physics.
- Each link is documented physics: Faraday induction, Coulomb electrostatics, LC exchange, rectification.
- What is non-trivial is the cascade architecture, not the physics of any single stage.
Conservation is not violated at any single link. Each conversion is documented physics, described in textbooks since Faraday and Coulomb. The non-trivial part is the architecture of the cascade itself, not the physics of any individual stage. The right question is therefore not “where does the energy come from” but “how is this cascade structured, and why is it stable”.
02 · Cascade Map · 7 Forms, 6 Conversions, 1 Loop
The Cascade
at a Glance
This is a map, not a circuit diagram. It does not show how the windings are wound or how the capacitors are routed — those belong to the patent drawings. What it shows is in which forms energy lives in each part of the device, and how one form converts into the next.
Seven energy forms. Six conversions. One return loop. Each conversion is documented physics. The architecture of the cascade is what is patented under ES2950176 and WO2024209235.
The next section walks this cascade in reverse — from the load (Link 7b) back to the storage capacitors (Link 1), then through the regulated feedback return path (Link 7a) and the startup pulse. Each link is described in the same form: what enters, what physics governs it, what exits, the calculation form, and where readers commonly mistake it. Each link closes with the same boundary equation.
03 · Cascade Walk · In Reverse, From Load to Capacitive Node
Link by Link —
From Load Back to Boundary
The reverse order is a reading discipline: start with what is most familiar (load, winding, transformer), end with what usually raises questions (carrier multiplication in the switching unit, boundary balance). Each link is described in the same compact form. Each link closes with the same boundary equation — so any fragmented excerpt still carries the boundary closure with it.
Tertiary Winding (10) → Load via Rectifier
dΦ/dt.
ε = −dΦ/dt.
The same physics as in an automotive alternator, a substation transformer, any
coil with changing flux. Textbook electromagnetism.
Wload = qload · ΔUload,
where qload = ∫Iload·dt.
Magnetic Field in the Core → Induced EMF in All Three Windings
Φ in the transformer core, driven by current in the primary winding.
εi = −Ni · dΦ/dt,
where Ni is the turn count of the i-th winding.
EL = ½ · L · I².
Bridge to charge passed: q = ∫I·dt. As primary current
falls, this stored energy transfers to the windings through induction.
Primary LC Resonator at 2.45 MHz
ELC = ½LI² + ½CU² = const
(in the ideal case). With losses, slow decay compensated by periodic pulses from the switching unit.
Pulse Current as a Form of Energy Transport
I(t) in the primary winding. This
current produces magnetic flux through the core and simultaneously does work
against the self-induced EMF, accumulating energy in the magnetic field:
dEL/dt = L · I · dI/dt.
q = ∫I·dt.
Peak magnetic energy stored: EL = ½ · L · Imax².
Field in the Switching Unit → Kinetic Energy of Carriers
E between the electrodes of the switching unit,
established by the voltage Ubreakdown on capacitor
C2.1, C2.2, or C2.3 at the moment of triggering.
I(t) → transfer to Link 4.
Wevent = q · ΔU = q · Ubreakdown,
where q = ∫I·dt is total charge through the gap during
the event and Ubreakdown is the threshold voltage.
q = N · e, where N is the number of carriers transported
through the gap during the event and e is the elementary charge
(1.6 × 10−19 C).
∫U·i dt at the switching unit and through
Pin,boundary at the device boundary.
This is the most subtle place in the entire explanation
A careful reader notices: “In the switching unit the carrier count rose sharply. If energy is field work on charge, and charge equals N·e, and N grew, then energy grew. From where?”
The answer requires separating three notions that, on superficial reading, collapse into one:
- 1. What multiplies: the carrier count N. This is real and measurable. During the event, the current in the primary winding many times exceeds quiescent current through the dielectric gap. This is the physical phenomenon of carrier multiplication.
-
2.
What does NOT multiply: the total event energy Wevent.
The energy of each carrier is set by field work along its path through the gap:
Weach = e · ΔUlocal. As more carriers participate, the energy per carrier becomes correspondingly smaller — because the total field energy in the gap is bounded by the capacitor's electrostatic store (½CU²), and that store is distributed among more carriers. -
3.
What sets the total energy: field work and the boundary balance.
Wevent = ∫U·i·dt— the time integral of instantaneous power over the event. The factor N does not appear explicitly in this formula: N affects pulse shape (current amplitude, duration), but not the integral.
- Carrier multiplication is a conductivity effect, not an energy source.
- Energy per carrier is determined by the electric field.
- Higher current amplitude reflects charge transport dynamics, not additional energy input.
- The same capacitor energy reservoir is distributed among more carriers over a shorter time — producing high pulse current without exceeding the original energy store.
Electrostatic Store → Electric Field
U on one of the storage capacitors C2.1–C2.3 (electrostatic energy ½CU²).
E ≈ U/d, where d is the inter-electrode gap. This is the
Coulomb field in its simplest form. No quantum corrections,
no relativistic terms — textbook electrostatics.
½ · C · U². This is the upper
bound on the energy that can be transferred into the pulse. No
subsequent carrier multiplication can exceed this bound, because the carriers
draw their energy precisely from this field.
Storage Capacitors C2.1–C2.3 — The Electrostatic Reservoir
qcapacitor = C · U;
Ecapacitor = ½ · C · U².
Secondary-to-Capacitive-Node Return Path — Regulated Feedback
qreturn = ∫Isecondary·dt.
Energy returned to the store: Wreturn = qreturn · Ucapacitor.
Port 1 — 9 V, ~0.015 Wh, Disconnected After Start
04 · Summary · What Multiplies, What Does Not
Where the Multiplication Is —
and Where It Is Not
We have walked through nine cascade links. In each one, documented physics applies: Faraday induction, Coulomb electrostatics, LC exchange, rectification. In none of those links does energy multiply. But in one specific link — the switching unit — multiplication does occur, of a kind that is often misread as energy multiplication. This block separates the two.
Inside the device, locally and measurably
- Carriers — the count of charge carriers N inside the switching gap during a triggering event.
- Pulse current — the peak amplitude Imax in the primary winding during each event.
- Oscillation amplitude — the steady-state amplitude in the LC resonator, sustained by small periodic pump pulses through accumulation in the resonant mode (Q-factor effect).
- Voltage ratio — between primary and tertiary windings, via standard transformer turn ratio. (Equivalently: current ratio in the opposite direction.)
- Effective use of stored energy through the regulated feedback return path — part of the internally extracted Circuit B output is returned to the capacitive node as regime-level redistribution; at the complete device boundary, this remains accounted within Pin,boundary.
At the complete device boundary, in steady state
- Event energy Wevent — bounded above by the capacitor electrostatic store ½CU².
- Total charge per period qtotal — constrained by the steady-state boundary accounting and internal redistribution.
- Total energy in the LC circuit — resonant accumulation redistributes energy in time and across cycles, but does not create it.
- Energy delivered to the load relative to operating input — bounded by the boundary balance equation.
- The boundary energy balance itself — Pin,boundary = Pload + Plosses + dE/dt, applies in all operational states.
At the link level, the system is described as the work of the field on transported
charge: W = q · ΔU.
At the complete device boundary, full accounting is defined in power terms:
Pin,boundary = Pload + Plosses + dE/dt.
Carrier multiplication affects conductivity and waveform shape, but not total energy — which remains defined by field work and by the boundary-level balance. These two levels of description must not be conflated.
This is why the device, viewed externally as a black box, behaves as a normal engineering apparatus with classical conservation. And why, viewed internally link by link, it shows the local multiplications that make the architecture valuable: more carriers, larger amplitudes, transformer voltage ratios, recirculated charge — without conflicting with boundary-level energy conservation.
05 · Closure · The Complete Device Boundary
The Boundary —
Where the Balance Closes
Inside the device, energy lives in seven different forms and travels along a graph with a return loop. Viewed from outside, the device is a black box with three ports: an operating port, a load output, and a startup port that is disconnected once the regime is established. At this boundary, the classical energy balance applies, in power terms rather than per-event energy.
At the complete device boundary, energy accounting is governed by:
Where Pin,boundary is referenced at the electrical terminals of the complete device boundary as an accounting quantity; Pload is the power delivered to the external load through the output port; Plosses is the power dissipated as heat, radiation, ohmic losses, and conversion losses; and dE/dt is the rate of change of internal stored energy across capacitive node, inductances, and the magnetic core.
Three Ports at the Boundary
One-time initialization
A 9 V source delivers ~0.015 Wh to the capacitive node, sufficient to exceed the threshold of the switching unit and initiate the first cycle. Physically disconnected after startup.
Boundary-level accounting term
The accounting term Pin,boundary at the electrical terminals of the complete device boundary, included in the balance equation throughout sustained operation.
Delivered output
The accounting term Pload, the electrical power delivered to the external load through the tertiary winding, rectifier, and inverter chain.
Three Operational States · What dE/dt Represents
Energy accumulates in the LC circuits and the capacitive node; Pin,boundary covers this accumulation plus initial losses.
Internal stored energy is steady on average; Pin,boundary covers losses and load delivery.
Stored energy dissipates through losses; Pin,boundary reduces accordingly.
Local interactions are described in energy terms (J); full system accounting is defined at the complete device boundary in power terms (W). These two levels of description must not be conflated.
Three Closing Assertions
-
Assertion 1
Steady-state averaged accounting at the complete device boundary does not deliver more output than what is included in Pin,boundary. This follows directly from the governing equation; no internal amplification redefines this constraint.
-
Assertion 2
Sustained operation requires the operating port to be included in boundary-level accounting at all times. After the startup pulse is consumed, the regime cannot be maintained without this accounting term.
-
Assertion 3
No internal carrier multiplication or resonant amplitude amplification alters the boundary balance. These effects operate inside the boundary and are already accounted within Pin,boundary through the governing equation.
06 · FAQ · Frequently Asked, Precisely Answered
Direct Answers
to the Hardest Questions
Q1. Is this a closed system without external accounting?
No. An internal closed loop is not a closed system, because the operating port at the complete device boundary is included in boundary-level accounting, through which losses are covered. The secondary-to-capacitive-node return path is a charge-redistribution route, not an energy source. Without the operating port included in the balance, the device stops within a time set by losses and stored energy.
Q2. What is the “complete device boundary” and why does it matter?
The complete device boundary is the full physical boundary between the device and its environment. On this boundary sit three ports: the operating port (included in boundary-level accounting in steady state), the load output, and the startup port (physically disconnected after start). Energy accounting is performed at this boundary — because only there are all energy flows visible: what enters, what leaves, what stays inside.
Any claim about “internal amplification” or “internal gain” has no physical meaning without reference to the boundary.
Q3. What does “carrier multiplication” mean and where does it occur?
Carrier multiplication is the sharp rise in the number of charge carriers in the switching gap when the switching unit triggers. It is a known physical phenomenon in pulsed switching electronics. It changes the conductivity and the pulse shape, but does not create energy: the energy of each carrier is set by the work of the field on it, and the total event energy is bounded by the capacitor's electrostatic store.
Multiplication occurs in only one link of the cascade — the switching unit. In all other links, ordinary induction and ordinary electrostatics apply.
Q4. Why is the startup pulse so small?
Because its job is only to initiate the regime, not to power it. A 9 V battery delivering ~0.015 Wh (≈ 54 J) provides the first charge to capacitor C2.1, exceeding the threshold of the switching unit. After the first event, the LC circuit begins to oscillate, the regulated feedback return path begins to function, and the system transitions to operation under boundary-level accounting at the complete device boundary.
Port 1 is then physically disconnected — it is no longer needed. Analogy: an automotive starter motor brings the engine to running condition in a few seconds, but does not power the kilometres of the journey. Same principle here.
Q5. Where is the Armstrong topology and why is it used?
Armstrong topology is a three-winding oscillator scheme described by Edwin Armstrong in 1912. Three windings on a shared core: primary (excitation by the switching unit), secondary (regulated feedback return path), tertiary (output to the load). It is a known class of oscillator schemes, taught in radio engineering. In our implementation, the active element is a sealed vacuum switching unit operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime, rather than a vacuum tube or a transistor.
Architecturally, the topology supports regulated feedback operation: the secondary winding returns charge to the capacitive node at regime level, while boundary-level accounting includes losses through Pin,boundary.
Q6. How does this agree with Faraday and Coulomb?
Fully. At each individual link of the cascade, classical physics applies:
— In the windings: Faraday induction, ε = −dΦ/dt.
— In the capacitive node: Coulomb electrostatics, U = q/C.
— In the switching unit: field work on transported charge, W = q · ΔU.
— In the magnetic core: magnetic inductance, EL = ½LI².
— At the complete device boundary: classical conservation,
Pin,boundary = Pload + Plosses + dE/dt.
There is no “new physics” in any link. What is non-trivial is the cascade architecture, which combines these known physical effects into a regulated feedback architecture.
Q7. Is this new physics or new engineering?
This is new engineering of classical physics. No single physical effect used in the device falls outside standard textbook and engineering courses. The novelty lies in the architectural combination of these effects: a sealed vacuum switching unit with fast conductivity rise as the active element; a flat coil at 2.45 MHz as the primary; a three-winding Armstrong-type topology with regulated feedback return path; a multi-port device boundary with separate roles for startup and operating ports.
Each individual element is a known engineering solution. Their system integration into a regulated feedback regime is what is protected under ES2950176 (granted, Spain) and WO2024209235 (PCT).
07 · Closing · Architecture of Transport, Not an Explanation of Energy
What You
Just Read
This page is not an explanation of where the energy comes from in the source-identifying sense. It is a description of the energy-transfer architecture. Energy does not appear in the device from nothing and does not vanish into nothing — it is accounted at the complete device boundary through Pin,boundary, passes through a cascade of seven forms with one return loop, partly returns through the regulated feedback return path, partly is delivered to the load, and partly dissipates as losses.
At the link level, this is described as the work of the field on transported charge. At the complete device boundary, this is described through the power-balance equation Pin,boundary = Pload + Plosses + dE/dt. Carrier multiplication in the switching unit is a real physical phenomenon that changes conductivity and pulse shape, but does not break the energy balance.
The cascade architecture is non-trivial. The physics of each link is standard. That distinction is the entire content of this page.