Where is the plus?
Two pluses. More carriers. More times. The first is an electron avalanche: the number of free charge carriers in the discharge channel of block 3 grows. The second is resonant pumping: current pulses from block 3 pump the coupled resonant system of block 5, and its own carriers take part in organised motion repeatedly, millions of times per second.
Subject. The two places where a state characteristic of VENDOR.Max increases locally: the discharge-switching node of block 3, where carrier multiplication opens the path for a high-current pulse, and the coupled resonant system of block 5, where local ensembles pumped by these pulses take part repeatedly in organised motion.
VENDOR.Max is a nonlinear electrodynamic installation operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime. Excitation of the coupled resonant regime falls, under the functional classification of the project, under Armstrong-type discharge-resonant excitation; the attribution describes the excitation stage and is not a classification of the installation as a whole.
This page answers only these two questions. The complete architecture of the installation and its energy accounting are treated on other pages.
Implementation. This page describes the gas-discharge implementation disclosed in the patent and used in the early prototypes. Later revisions may differ from the illustrative embodiments described in the patent materials; the underlying physical principle remains the same.
More carriers
Electron avalanche. In the gas-filled discharge gap of block 3, described in the VENDOR patent, the conducting channel forms through ionisation and an electron avalanche.
Under normal conditions a gas is an insulator: it contains almost no free carriers. When the voltage across the gap is high enough, a free electron acquires enough energy from the field between collisions to ionise a neutral atom. The released electron is in turn accelerated by the field and ionises the next atom. The number of free carriers grows as an avalanche, the conductivity of the gap rises sharply, and once the conditions for self-sustained breakdown are met, a conducting discharge channel forms.
Townsend avalanche model: \(N_0\) is the number of seed electrons; \(\alpha\) is Townsend’s first ionisation coefficient, the number of ionising events per unit length; \(d\) is the effective avalanche path length.
More available carriers. No new net charge.
What increases here
- Number of free charge carriers in the channel
- Conductivity of the gap
- Current-carrying capability of the discharge channel
What does not increase here
- Net electric charge of the system
- Energy by virtue of the avalanche itself
Ionisation creates additional free carriers in electron–ion pairs; it does not create net electric charge. The avalanche supplies the carriers. The electric field supplies the energy of their motion.
As the number of carriers rises, the gap becomes highly conductive. The accumulated electrical state redistributes through the discharge path in a short interval — this is where a high-current pulse first forms in the installation. This pulse excites the resonant stage.
Impact ionisation, the electron avalanche and the breakdown of a gas gap are a classical chapter of gas discharge physics.
Raizer Yu. P. Gas Discharge Physics. Ed. J. E. Allen. Springer, Berlin–Heidelberg, 1991. ISBN 978-3-540-19462-0 — a monograph covering breakdown, glow, arc, spark and corona discharges.
More times
Resonant pumping. Current pulses formed by the discharge-switching node of block 3 pump the coupled resonant system of block 5. The initial excitation establishes the oscillatory motion; once the resonant state is formed, subsequent pulses act on a state already in motion rather than starting the process anew. The transmitting and receiving resonant nodes thus form a coupled regime in which their own local ensembles of carriers take part repeatedly in organised oscillatory motion.
The local ensemble repeats its oscillatory redistribution roughly two and a half million times every second.
Using a published resonant-state amplitude of up to 150 A, and assuming a sinusoidal waveform, the charge turnover \(\dot{Q} = 2I_{\text{peak}}/\pi\) reaches about 95.5 coulombs per second at the 150 A illustrative point, while the mean directed current over a complete cycle is zero. The local carrier ensemble therefore undergoes large repeated charge turnover without a corresponding net directed transfer over the cycle.
The mechanical image is a pendulum pushed in time with its swing. No new pendulum is required: once the first push sets it swinging, each further push lands on a swing already under way, and the same pendulum passes its lowest point over and over. Not a gram of new mass appears in the process.
Not more particles. A pumped coupled regime. Millions of repetitions per second.
What increases here
- Number of organised charge redistributions per second — the charge turnover
- Amplitude of the coupled resonant state
What does not increase here
- Number of carriers
The conductors already contain their charge carriers. Resonance holds and builds up the pumped coupled state; it does not by itself create energy.
Coupled high-voltage resonators of the Tesla type are used in contemporary experimental systems as a means of organising an electrical state. Two independent works published in 2026:
Chen J. et al. A high-efficiency and miniaturized pulse generator based on a triple-resonant Tesla transformer. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 54(4), 1580–1590 (2026). DOI 10.1109/TPS.2026.3665587 — a resonant topology as the means of forming a high-voltage state in a compact nanosecond pulse source.
Sritakaew P., Silapunt R. Non-thermal sterilization of liquid foods via pulsed electric fields: a Tesla coil and multilevel inverter-based approach. Journal of Food Engineering 417, 113095 (2026). DOI 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2026.113095 — a Tesla-type resonant stage within a laboratory system forming controlled high-voltage pulses.
Two pluses — and none beyond them
| Plus | Physical mechanism | What increases locally |
|---|---|---|
| 1 · More carriers | Electron avalanche in block 3 | Number of free carriers in the discharge channel |
| 2 · More times | Resonant pumping of the coupled system in block 5 | Charge turnover and amplitude of the coupled state |
These are the two pluses this page addresses. Extraction, rectification and output conditioning are downstream architectural functions, not additional pluses.
Frequently asked questions
Where exactly are the two pluses?
The first is in the discharge-switching node of block 3: avalanche ionisation forms the conducting channel through which the accumulated charge is released as a high-current pulse. The second is in the coupled resonant system of block 5: pumped by these pulses, its own local carriers take part repeatedly in oscillatory motion. Everything downstream — extraction, rectification, output conditioning — adds no further plus.
What does the avalanche supply?
Charge carriers, in electron–ion pairs; the net electric charge does not change. The energy that electrons acquire between collisions is delivered to them by the electric field.
Why does resonance change the process if resonance itself does not create energy?
Because, once the resonant state has been established, subsequent pulses act on a state already in motion rather than starting the process anew. The local ensembles of the coupled resonators take part in that motion again and again, millions of times per second. What increases is not the number of carriers but the number of their organised redistributions.
Do the publications cited prove that VENDOR.Max works?
No. They show that both physical classes — the electron avalanche in a gas and resonance — belong to established physics and contemporary engineering practice. The behaviour of the specific composition is established by measurement.
Where to next
How it works
The stage-by-stage transfer route through the nodes.
Explore 02Where the energy comes from
How charge flow becomes measurable power.
Explore 03Resonant circulation
Why large internal electrical quantities are not active power.
Explore 04Scientific foundations
The literature map and the due-diligence route.
Explore 05First open engineering question
How local transformations combine to form an operating point.
Explore 06Technology validation
What is measured, and under which protocol.
Explore
