Where is the plus?
In two transformations. The first changes the time of charge motion. The second changes how that motion is organised and the state of the coupled ensemble. Everything downstream extracts, directs and converts the flow already formed.
Subject. The two places where the scale of charge organisation locally increases in VENDOR.Max, and the boundary after which no further increase occurs.
VENDOR.Max is a nonlinear electrodynamic installation operating in a controlled discharge-resonant regime. Excitation of the coupled resonant regime falls, under the functional classification of the project, under Armstrong-type discharge-resonant excitation; the attribution describes the excitation stage and is not a classification of the installation as a whole.
The question answered here. What happens to charge between the input of the operating path and extraction.
Left to other sections. The route through the nodes; the passage from charge flow to measurable power; the physics of resonant circulation and the per-cycle balance; the rules of energy accounting; the verification protocol and the complete device boundary.
Faster
The discharge-switching transition. Charge is accumulated in advance; the discharge switch creates no new charge. It shortens the time in which the already accumulated separation is redistributed.
Less time for the same organised portion of transfer means a higher rate of charge motion. In charge-based terms, the discharge switch acts as a time-domain converter of the charge state: it converts the spatial organisation of accumulated charge into the temporal organisation of its motion.
The same portion of charge. Less time. Higher current.
What increases here
- Pulse current
- Pulse-front steepness
- Spectral suitability of the pulse
- Instantaneous power of the event
What does not increase here
- Energy of the event
The store is depleted during discharge, and the pulse cannot carry more energy than was stored in it.
An ampere is a coulomb per second. After step-down repackaging, the charge transfer rate at the input plane of the resonant stage is twenty-four coulombs per second.
The store must be charged resonantly or through an inductance: charging a capacitance from a constant-voltage source through a resistance dissipates half of the energy regardless of the value of that resistance. The switching event itself introduces additional losses.
Fast release of a previously accumulated electrical state through discharge switching is established practice in pulsed power. The properties of the switching event itself — rate of rise, duration, repetition rate and spectrum — are treated there as design variables rather than as a side effect.
Zeltser Y., Schächter L., Krasik Y. E. Spiral Generator as a Compact Pulse Power Source for Sub-ns Pulses. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 54(2), 606–614 (2026). DOI 10.1109/TPS.2025.3648814 — a sharpening spark gap discharges the output capacitance of the device into the load and produces a current pulse with a sub-nanosecond rise time.
Repeatedly
The resonant-field transition. The discharge pulse initiates the motion. In the resonant regime that motion does not end with a single redistribution: the local ensemble enters repeated oscillatory motion.
The local ensemble repeats its oscillatory redistribution roughly two and a half million times every second.
The mechanical image is a pendulum. For the pendulum to pass its lowest point again, no new pendulum is required; the same object passes it over and over, and not a gram of new mass appears in the process.
Not new electrons. A new organisation of the electrons already present.
This motion creates an alternating field. Changing flux linkage induces an electric field, which does work on the charges on the coupled side — a different ensemble. Carriers do not cross the galvanic boundary; field energy does. The field organises the receiving side’s own carriers into a new directed flow.
What increases here
- The number of organised redistributions of charge per second — the internal charge turnover
- The amplitude of the coupled field state
- On the receiving side, an organised flow of its own carriers
What does not increase here
- The number of carriers
The conductors already contain their charge carriers; the engineering task is to organise their motion.
Resonant circulation requires continuous compensation of dissipative losses, and extraction acts back on the regime: Lenz’s law applies at every magnetic coupling interface, and increased extraction loads the preceding stage.
The resonant Tesla transformer is used in current experimental systems as a means of organising an electrical state. Two independent works published in 2026:
Chen J. et al. A high-efficiency and miniaturized pulse generator based on a triple-resonant Tesla transformer. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 54(4), 1580–1590 (2026). DOI 10.1109/TPS.2026.3665587 — a resonant topology as the means of forming a high-voltage state in a compact nanosecond pulse source.
Sritakaew P., Silapunt R. Non-thermal sterilization of liquid foods via pulsed electric fields: a Tesla coil and multilevel inverter-based approach. Journal of Food Engineering 417, 113095 (2026). DOI 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2026.113095 — a resonant Tesla coil within a laboratory system forming controlled high-voltage pulses.
Beyond these two transitions, there is no further plus
Everything that follows extracts, directs and converts an already formed flow.
| Stage | What it does | Local increase |
|---|---|---|
| Discharge-switching transition | Shortens the release interval of the accumulated charge | Transfer rate, steepness, instantaneous power of the event |
| Resonant-field transition | Repeats the motion many times and organises the motion of the coupled ensemble | Charge turnover, amplitude of the field state, a new flow on the receiving side |
| Rectifying node | Sorts directions, turning alternating turnover into a directed flow | None |
| Output stage | Brings the formed flow to the user interface | None; active power decreases downstream through conversion losses |
The rectifying node creates neither charge nor energy. The output stage does not change the physics of the installation — it sets the product parameters and incurs ordinary conversion losses.
The answer to the question of this page is therefore precise rather than diffuse. The plus is not spread throughout the machine. There are two places where the measurable scale of the electrical process locally increases: first through time, then through resonant-field organisation. After them, extraction and conversion begin.
Why there are almost no watts here
The question of this page is where the mechanism changes, not how much energy crosses the installation.
The foundation is traced first: coulombs, coulombs per second, repeated participation in motion, the field, the motion of another ensemble. Only after that does it make sense to count the roof — how much energy corresponds to each coulomb, and how many joules per second cross a chosen port.
The foundation is explained through charges, fields and the organisation of motion. The roof is verified through energy and power — joules and watts at a defined boundary.
This page explains the foundation. The passage from the foundation to power is treated separately. The roof is verified by validation.
Frequently asked questions
Where exactly does the observable difference arise?
In two places. In the discharge-switching transition the time of charge motion changes. In the resonant-field transition the organisation of that motion changes and a coupled ensemble is set into organised motion. After these come the sorting of direction and conversion to the user form.
Does the discharge switch add energy?
No. It redistributes an already accumulated separation over a considerably shorter time. Pulse current, steepness and the instantaneous power of the event increase; the energy of the event does not.
Where do the charge carriers for the output flow come from?
From the receiving side itself. It is already filled with its own carriers, and the coupled field organises their motion. What crosses the galvanic boundary is energy, not particles.
Why does resonance change anything if no energy is added?
Because the same local ensemble takes part in the motion again and again, millions of times per second. What increases is not the amount of charge but the number of its organised redistributions.
Where, then, does power appear?
At a correctly defined electrical port, once both the charge flow and the energy per unit charge are known. A separate section is devoted to this; the result for the complete device is established by independent measurement.
Do the publications cited prove that VENDOR.Max works?
No. They show that both classes of operation are used in contemporary engineering practice. The behaviour of the specific composition is established by measurement.
Where to next
How it works
The stage-by-stage transfer route through the nodes.
Explore 02Where the energy comes from
How charge flow becomes measurable power.
Explore 03Resonant circulation
Why large internal electrical quantities are not active power.
Explore 04Scientific foundations
The literature map and the due-diligence route.
Explore 05First open engineering question
How local transformations combine to form an operating point.
Explore 06Technology validation
What is measured, and under which protocol.
Explore
