{"id":28766,"date":"2026-08-30T21:01:04","date_gmt":"2026-08-30T18:01:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/articles\/solar-export-voltage-rise-iberian-blackout\/"},"modified":"2026-08-31T08:56:27","modified_gmt":"2026-08-31T05:56:27","slug":"guangfu-dianya-taisheng","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/articles\/guangfu-dianya-taisheng\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5149\u4f0f\u9988\u51fa\u3001\u7535\u538b\u62ac\u5347\u4e0e\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u505c\u7535"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"vendor-sec\">\n<div class=\"vendor-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"vendor-split vendor-split--article\">\n    <div class=\"vendor-prose\">\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-0\">0. \u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u5355\u76f8\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7535\u6d41\u6cbf\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8def\u5f84\u95ed\u5408\uff1a\u76f8\u7ebf &rarr; \u8d1f\u8f7d &rarr; \u4e2d\u6027\u7ebf &rarr; \u914d\u7535\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fa7\u7535\u7f51\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4f4d\u4e8e<strong>\u5171\u7528\u7684\u3001\u7535\u6c14\u4e0a\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u5728\u6b64\u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u8d2f\u7a7f\u5168\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\text{\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84} \\;\\neq\\; \\text{\u7535\u6c14\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u6cbf\u8be5\u8def\u5f84\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5bfc\u7535\u7f51\u7edc\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u53d1\u7535\u5382\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u8fd4\u56de\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7531\u6b64\u7acb\u5373\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7684\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u90fd\u5728\u672c\u5730\u95ed\u5408 &mdash; \u901a\u8fc7\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u652f\u8def\u548c\u5171\u7528\u7684\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51 &mdash; \u90a3\u4e48\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      <ol>\n        <li>\u90bb\u5c45\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u5149\u4f0f\u53d1\u7535\u5982\u4f55\u63a5\u5165\u8fd9\u4e00\u56de\u8def\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5468\u671f\u5185\u901a\u8fc7\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u8377\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u4e3a\u96f6\uff0c\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u7a76\u7adf\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u6570\u767e\u4e07\u6761\u5c40\u90e8\u652f\u8def\u548c\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u6784\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e3a\u4f55\u80fd\u5728\u6570\u5341\u79d2\u5185\u8f6c\u5165\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u6b63\u5982 2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5\u5728\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u3002<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n\n      <p>\u672c\u6587\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u90fd\u7531\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u6765\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a<strong>\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u573a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u5728\u672c\u5730\u95ed\u5408\uff1b\u80fd\u91cf\u8de8\u8d8a\u8fb9\u754c\uff1b\u7535\u78c1\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u76f8\u4e92\u8026\u5408\uff1b\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u8026\u5408\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5404\u6761\u652f\u8def\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u76f8\u52a0\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>0.1 \u7b26\u53f7\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5bf9\u4efb\u4e00\u8fb9\u754c \\(\\Gamma\\) \u786e\u5b9a\u5176\u5916\u6cd5\u7ebf\u3002\u6307\u5411\u6240\u8003\u5bdf\u88c5\u7f6e<strong>\u5185\u90e8<\/strong>\u7684\u901a\u91cf\u4e3a\u6b63\uff08\u53d7\u7535\uff09\u3002\u9988\u51fa\u53d6\u8d1f\u53f7\u3002\u540e\u7eed\u6240\u6709\u7b26\u53f7\u5747\u7531\u8be5\u7ea6\u5b9a\u5bfc\u51fa\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>0.2 \u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u8fb9\u754c \\(\\Gamma\\) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ed\u5408\u66f2\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u5207\u65ad\u8fde\u63a5\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e0e\u5176\u73af\u5883\u7684<strong>\u5168\u90e8<\/strong>\u5bfc\u4f53\u3001\u573a\u901a\u9053\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u6d41\u3002\u4e00\u5bf9\u6d4b\u91cf\u63a2\u5934\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u8fb9\u754c\uff1a\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u5bc4\u751f\u7535\u5bb9\u8026\u5408\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ecf\u5c4f\u853d\u5c42\u3001\u5916\u58f3\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5e73\u8861\u65e0\u6cd5\u95ed\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>0.3 \u65f6\u95f4\u7c7b\u522b\u6807\u8bc6\u5361<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u4efb\u4f55\u88ab\u6d4b\u91cf\u6216\u88ab\u5b9a\u91cf\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6807\u660e\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u7c7b\u522b\uff08\u5cf0\u503c \/ \u6709\u6548\u503c \/ \u7ed9\u5b9a\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c \/ \u4e8b\u4ef6\u91cf\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e73\u5747\u7a97\u53e3\u3002\u516c\u5f0f\u63a8\u5bfc\u4e2d\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u91cf\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b64\u8981\u6c42\u7ea6\u675f\uff1a\u6807\u8bc6\u5361\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u5b9a\u91cf\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee3\u6570\u4e66\u5199\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e58\u79ef\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u529f\u7387\u3002\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u6807\u8bc6\u5361\u793a\u4f8b\u89c1 &sect;7.4\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>0.4 \u7b26\u53f7\u8868<\/h3>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-tw\">\n        <table class=\"vendor-table\">\n          <thead><tr><th>\u7b26\u53f7<\/th><th>\u7269\u7406\u91cf<\/th><th>\u5355\u4f4d<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>\\(q\\)\u3001\\(Q\\)<\/td><td>\u7535\u8377<\/td><td>C<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(i(t)\\)\u3001\\(I\\)<\/td><td>\u77ac\u65f6\u7535\u6d41\uff1b\u6709\u6548\u503c<\/td><td>A = C\/s<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(u(t)\\)\u3001\\(U\\)<\/td><td>\u77ac\u65f6\u7535\u538b\uff1b\u6709\u6548\u503c<\/td><td>V = J\/C<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(p(t)\\)<\/td><td>\u77ac\u65f6\u529f\u7387<\/td><td>W<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(P\\)\u3001\\(Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\)\u3001\\(S\\)<\/td><td>\u6709\u529f\u3001\u65e0\u529f\u3001\u89c6\u5728\u529f\u7387<\/td><td>W\u3001var\u3001V&middot;A<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(\\varphi\\)<\/td><td>\\(u\\) \u4e0e \\(i\\) \u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5dee\u89d2<\/td><td>rad<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(\\mathbf{S}_{\\mathrm{P}}\\)<\/td><td>\u5761\u5370\u5ef7\u77e2\u91cf<\/td><td>W\/m&sup2;<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\\(\\Gamma\\)<\/td><td>\u8ba1\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c<\/td><td>&mdash;<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u8bb0\u4f5c \\(Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\)\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u4e0e\u7535\u8377 \\(Q\\) \u6df7\u6dc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-1\">1. \u6838\u5fc3\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff1a\u7535\u8377\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e3a\u96f6\u800c\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u8f93\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ece\u7535\u7f51\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u6839\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u622a\u9762\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\frac{\\partial \\rho}{\\partial t} + \\nabla\\!\\cdot\\!\\mathbf{J} = 0,\\]\n\n      <p>\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4ee5\u5916\u6cd5\u7ebf\u66f2\u9762 \\(\\Gamma\\) \u4e3a\u754c\u7684\u4f53\u79ef \\(V\\) \u7684\u79ef\u5206\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\oint_{\\Gamma}\\mathbf{J}\\cdot d\\mathbf{A} + \\frac{dQ_{V}}{dt} = 0.\\]\n\n      <p>\u8be5\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u7cbe\u786e\u4e14\u59cb\u7ec8\u6210\u7acb &mdash; \u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\u3001\u5728\u6545\u969c\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u7ea7\u8054\u5207\u9664\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u77ac\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8003\u5bdf\u7a33\u6001\u6b63\u5f26\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u53d6\u7aef\u53e3\u7535\u538b\u4e3a\u53c2\u8003\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[u(t) = \\sqrt{2}\\,U\\cos\\omega t,\\]\n\n      <p>\u901a\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u5219\u4e3a<\/p>\n\n      \\[i(t) = \\sqrt{2}\\,I\\cos(\\omega t &#8211; \\varphi).\\]\n\n      <p><strong>\u76f8\u89d2\u7ea6\u5b9a\u3002<\/strong> \\(\\varphi\\) \u4e3a\u7535\u6d41\u6ede\u540e\u4e8e\u7535\u538b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002\\(\\varphi\\) \u4e3a\u6b63\u5bf9\u5e94\u7535\u6d41\u6ede\u540e\uff0c\u5373\u611f\u6027\u53d7\u7535\uff0c\u5e76\u7ed9\u51fa\u6b63\u7684\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u7535\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u7ea6\u5b9a\uff0c\u5728 &sect;5\u3001&sect;9 \u548c &sect;11 \u4e2d\u6cbf\u7528\u800c\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5468\u671f \\(T = 2\\pi\/\\omega\\) \u5185\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u8377\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\Delta Q = \\int_{0}^{T} i(t)\\,dt = \\sqrt{2}\\,I\\int_{0}^{T}\\cos(\\omega t &#8211; \\varphi)\\,dt = 0.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u5468\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u8377\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7535\u8377\u7684\u603b\u5468\u8f6c\u91cf\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6\uff1a\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u6cbf\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u7a7f\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u3002\u7136\u800c\u80fd\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u4e00\u7aef\u53e3\u4f20\u8f93\u3002\u5c55\u5f00\u77ac\u65f6\u529f\u7387\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[p(t) = u(t)\\,i(t) = 2UI\\cos\\omega t\\,\\cos(\\omega t &#8211; \\varphi),\\]\n\n      <p>\u5e76\u6309\u4f59\u5f26\u79ef\u5316\u548c\u5dee\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\boxed{\\;p(t) = \\underbrace{UI\\cos\\varphi\\,\\bigl(1 + \\cos 2\\omega t\\bigr)}_{\\text{\u5355\u5411\u5206\u91cf}} \\;+\\; \\underbrace{UI\\sin\\varphi\\,\\sin 2\\omega t}_{\\text{\u4ea4\u53d8\u5206\u91cf}}\\;}\\]\n\n      <p>\u7531\u6b64\u7acb\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u8ba1\u91cf\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5bf9\u8c61\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[P = \\langle p(t)\\rangle = UI\\cos\\varphi, \\qquad Q_{\\mathrm{r}} = UI\\sin\\varphi, \\qquad \\langle Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\text{ \u9879}\\rangle = 0.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u7a97\u53e3 \\(\\Delta t\\) \u5185\u901a\u8fc7\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[E_{\\Gamma,\\Delta t} = \\int_{\\Delta t} u(t)\\,i(t)\\,dt = \\int_{\\Delta t} u\\,dQ.\\]\n\n      <p><strong>\u652f\u6491\u5168\u6587\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/strong> \u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5468\u671f\u5185 \\(\\int i\\,dt = 0\\)\uff0c\u800c \\(\\int u\\,i\\,dt \\neq 0\\)\u3002\u4ea4\u53d8\u7535\u8def\u6b63\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u632f\u8361\u6765\u4f20\u8f93\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8be5\u8868\u8ff0\u4ee5\u89c4\u8303\u5f62\u5f0f\u800c\u975e\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5f62\u5f0f\u56fa\u5b9a\u4e0b\u6765\uff1a<strong>\u7535\u8377\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u4e3a\u96f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u8f93\u4e3a\u96f6<\/strong>\u3002\u4ec5\u77e5\u9053\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7535\u8377\u91cf\u672c\u8eab\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u80fd\u91cf &mdash; \u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u9053\u8be5\u8fc1\u79fb\u6240\u5904\u7684\u7535\u4f4d\u3002\u7535\u8377\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u71c3\u6599\u6d88\u8017\u6389\u7684\uff1b\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u6d41\u7531\u573a\u4e0e\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u5171\u540c\u72b6\u6001\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>1.1 \u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u79fb\u6709\u591a\u5c0f<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u4f30\u7b97\u4e00\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u5728\u4f4f\u5b85\u7535\u7f06\u4e2d\u5b9e\u9645\u79fb\u52a8\u4e86\u591a\u8fdc\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94dc\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7535\u5b50\u6d53\u5ea6 \\(n \\approx 8.5\\times10^{28}\\ \\mathrm{m^{-3}}\\)\uff0c\u5143\u7535\u8377 \\(e = 1.602\\times10^{-19}\\) C\uff0c\u622a\u9762\u79ef \\(A = 2.5\\ \\mathrm{mm^{2}} = 2.5\\times10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{m^{2}}\\)\u3002\u5f53\u6709\u6548\u7535\u6d41 \\(I = 10\\) A \u65f6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[v_{d,\\mathrm{rms}} = \\frac{I}{n e A} = \\frac{10}{8.5\\times10^{28}\\cdot 1.602\\times10^{-19}\\cdot 2.5\\times10^{-6}} \\approx 2.9\\times10^{-4}\\ \\mathrm{m\/s}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728 \\(f = 50\\) Hz\u3001\\(\\omega = 314\\ \\mathrm{s^{-1}}\\) \u65f6\u7684\u632f\u8361\u5e45\u503c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[x_{0} = \\frac{\\sqrt{2}\\,v_{d,\\mathrm{rms}}}{\\omega} = \\frac{1.41\\cdot 2.9\\times10^{-4}}{314} \\approx 1.3\\times10^{-6}\\ \\mathrm{m}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53c2\u6570\u4e0b\uff0c<strong>\u7535\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u5e73\u5747\u6f02\u79fb\u5206\u91cf<\/strong>\u7684\u5e45\u503c\u7ea6\u4e3a\u4e00\u5fae\u7c73\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5355\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u8fd0\u52a8\u8981\u590d\u6742\u5f97\u591a\uff1a\u70ed\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u8d39\u7c73\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6676\u683c\u3001\u7f3a\u9677\u548c\u58f0\u5b50\u4e0a\u7684\u6563\u5c04\u3002\u91cf \\(v_{d}\\) \u662f\u7edf\u8ba1\u901f\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u4e2d\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u5b9a\u5411\u5206\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u79ef\u5206\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u5e73\u5747\u6f02\u79fb\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u4f4d\u79fb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7c92\u5b50\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f30\u7b97\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\uff1a<strong>\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u8f93\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u67d0\u4e00\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u96c6\u5408\u4ece\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u8fc1\u79fb\u5230\u7528\u6237\u5904\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-2\">2. \u4e00\u5ea7\u666e\u901a\u4f4f\u5b85\uff1a\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u628a\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u7b80\u5316\u5230\u6700\u5c0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n<pre>          DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER\n                secondary 230 V\n                            |\n              L ------------+--------------&gt;  HOUSE\n                            |                  |\n                            |              [ loads ]\n                            |                  |\n              N ------------+------------------+\n                            |\n                            = (neutral earthing)<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u5e76\u4e0d\u5411\u7528\u6237\u8f93\u9001\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u3002\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u7684\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fa7\u7535\u52a8\u52bf\u8fde\u540c\u7535\u7f51\u963b\u6297\u4e0e\u5f53\u524d\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5f62\u6210\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fa7\u6bcd\u7ebf\u7535\u538b\uff0c\u6807\u79f0\u503c\u4e3a<\/p>\n\n      \\[U \\approx 230\\ \\frac{\\text{J}}{\\text{C}},\\]\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7535\u538b\u6e90\uff1a\u6bcd\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8d1f\u8f7d\u548c\u7ebf\u8def\u963b\u6297 &mdash; \u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5728 &sect;9 \u56de\u5230\u3002\u573a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u662f<strong>\u56de\u8def\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684<\/strong>\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[i = \\frac{dQ}{dt}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5f53 \\(I = 10\\) A \u4e14\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u4e3a 1 \u65f6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[P = 10\\ \\frac{\\text{C}}{\\text{s}} \\times 230\\ \\frac{\\text{J}}{\\text{C}} = 2300\\ \\frac{\\text{J}}{\\text{s}} = 2.3\\ \\text{kW}.\\]\n\n      <h3>2.1 \u300c\u56de\u8def\u95ed\u5408\u300d\u7a76\u7adf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u662f\u300c\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7ed5\u73af\u8fd0\u52a8\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u6240\u9009\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\boxed{\\;\\sum_{k} i_{k}(t) + \\frac{dQ_{V}}{dt} = 0.\\;}\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u51c6\u7a33\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7535\u8377\u79ef\u7d2f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5ffd\u7565\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0a\u5f0f\u5316\u4e3a \\(\\sum_{k} i_{k} \\approx 0\\)\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u660e\u786e\u5730\u3001\u4e14\u4ec5\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u5f0f\u5f15\u5165\u8be5\u8fd1\u4f3c\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7535\u8377\u7eaa\u5f8b\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300c\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u65f6\u523b\u300d\u90fd\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u7b49\u5f0f \\(\\sum_{k} i_{k} = 0\\) \u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u67d0\u4e00\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u7c92\u5b50\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>2.2 \u4e0d\u53ef\u7701\u7565\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u4fdd\u7559<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u5b8c\u597d\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7535\u6d41\u5e94\u7ecf\u7531\u4e3a\u5176\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfc\u4f53\u8fd4\u56de\uff1b\u4fdd\u62a4\u5bfc\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u7528\u4e8e\u627f\u8f7d\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7535\u6d41\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41\u3001\u5bc4\u751f\u7535\u5bb9\u3001\u7edd\u7f18\u6545\u969c\u548c\u5e76\u8054\u5bfc\u7535\u901a\u8def\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\u6240\u73af\u7ed5\u7684\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u4ea7\u751f\u7535\u6d41\u5206\u91cf\u3002\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u59cb\u7ec8\u95ed\u5408 &mdash; \u4f46\u672a\u5fc5\u6cbf\u7740\u7ed8\u56fe\u65f6\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\u6b63\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff08&sect;6.2\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-3\">3. \u573a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53<\/h2>\n\n      <p>&sect;2 \u7559\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u672a\u51b3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4f55\u79cd\u7269\u7406\u901a\u9053\u8fdb\u5165\u5c40\u90e8\u56de\u8def\u7684\uff1f<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7b54\u6848\u7531\u5761\u5370\u5ef7\u5b9a\u7406\u7ed9\u51fa\u3002\u7535\u78c1\u80fd\u901a\u91cf\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\mathbf{S}_{\\mathrm{P}} = \\mathbf{E}\\times\\mathbf{H},\\]\n\n      <p>\u800c\u7ecf\u9650\u5b9a\u66f2\u9762 \\(\\Gamma\\) \u8fdb\u5165\u4f53\u79ef \\(V\\) \u7684\u529f\u7387\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[P_{\\mathrm{in}} = -\\oint_{\\Gamma}\\mathbf{S}_{\\mathrm{P}}\\cdot d\\mathbf{A}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5fae\u5206\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[-\\nabla\\!\\cdot\\!\\mathbf{S}_{\\mathrm{P}} = \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial t}\\!\\left(\\frac{\\varepsilon E^{2}}{2} + \\frac{\\mu H^{2}}{2}\\right) + \\mathbf{J}\\cdot\\mathbf{E}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u53f3\u7aef\u5305\u542b\u573a\u4e2d\u50a8\u80fd\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u4e0e\u7126\u8033\u9879 \\(\\mathbf{J}\\cdot\\mathbf{E}\\) &mdash; \u5373\u573a\u5bf9\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u6240\u505a\u7684\u529f\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5b9e\u9645\u63a8\u8bba\uff1a<strong>\u7535\u80fd\u7684\u901a\u91cf\u7531\u5761\u5370\u5ef7\u77e2\u91cf\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u6cbf\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002<\/strong> \u5728\u666e\u901a\u7535\u8def\u4e2d\uff0c\u901a\u91cf\u7684\u76f8\u5f53\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7ecf\u5bfc\u4f53\u5468\u56f4\u7a7a\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u573a\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5e76\u7ecf\u8d1f\u8f7d\u8868\u9762\u8fdb\u5165\u8d1f\u8f7d<sup><a href=\"#gctref-10\">[10]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#gctref-11\">[11]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u7684\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u573a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u6e17\u5165\u5185\u90e8\uff1a\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u6307\u5411\u5bfc\u4f53\u8868\u9762\u7684\u901a\u91cf\u5206\u91cf\u63d0\u4f9b\u7126\u8033\u4f20\u8f93 \\(\\mathbf{J}\\cdot\\mathbf{E}\\)<sup><a href=\"#gctref-12\">[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5bfc\u4f53\u786e\u5b9a\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0e\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u5bf9\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u76f4\u63a5\u505a\u529f\u7684\u662f\u573a\u7684\u7535\u5206\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u770b\u5f97\u6700\u6e05\u695a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n<pre>  primary ensemble Q1              secondary ensemble Q2\n        |                                  |\n   [ primary ]  ====== FIELD ======&gt;  [ secondary ]<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u4e8c\u6b21\u7ed5\u7ec4\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u6b21\u7ed5\u7ec4\uff1a\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed5\u7ec4\u7535\u6c14\u9694\u79bb\u3002\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u3002\u76f8\u4e92\u8026\u5408\u7684\u662f<strong>\u4e24\u4e2a\u56de\u8def\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u72b6\u6001<\/strong> &mdash; \u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u7684\u78c1\u901a\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-4\">4. \u5149\u4f0f\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u73b0\u5728\u628a\u5149\u4f0f\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u63a5\u5230\u540c\u6837\u7684 L \u548c N \u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n<pre>          DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER\n                            |\n              L ------------+---------------+------------+\n                            |               |            |\n                            |             HOUSE      INVERTER\n                            |               |            |\n              N ------------+---------------+------------+\n                                                         ^\n                                                    PV array<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f4\u6d41\u56de\u8def\uff1a\u5149\u4f0f\u9635\u5217 &rarr; MPPT\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u65f6\u7684 DC\/DC \u7ea7 &rarr; \u76f4\u6d41\u6bcd\u7ebf &rarr; \u5f00\u5173\u6865 &rarr; \u8f93\u51fa\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u3002\u4f46<strong>\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u4fa7\uff0c\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u901a\u5f80\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7ebf\u8def<\/strong>\uff1a\u5176\u4ea4\u6d41\u7aef\u53e3\u5e76\u8054\u63a5\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u516c\u5171\u8fde\u63a5\u70b9\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u63a7\u7aef\u53e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>4.1 \u9006\u53d8\u5668\u4e0e\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u6709\u4f55\u4e0d\u540c<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u4fd7\u8868\u8ff0\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u4e22\u5931\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-tw\">\n        <table class=\"vendor-table\">\n          <thead><tr><th><\/th><th>\u914d\u7535\u53d8\u538b\u5668<\/th><th>\u5178\u578b\u5e76\u7f51\u5149\u4f0f\u9006\u53d8\u5668<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>\u7535\u6c14\u9694\u79bb<\/td><td>\u7531\u7ed3\u6784\u4fdd\u8bc1<\/td><td>\u4e0d\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff1a\u5728\u4f4f\u5b85\u9886\u57df\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u65e0\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5149\u4f0f\u4fa7\u4e0e\u7535\u7f51\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u9694\u79bb<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u88c5\u7f6e\u6240\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u91cf<\/td><td>\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fa7\u7535\u538b<\/td><td>\u6ce8\u5165\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7535\u6d41<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u76f8\u4f4d\u57fa\u51c6<\/td><td>\u81ea\u8eab\u7684<\/td><td>\u6240\u6d4b\u5f97\u7684\u7535\u7f51\u76f8\u4f4d\uff08PLL\uff09<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u300c\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u662f\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u5bf9\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5bf9\u65e0\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u5219<strong>\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u82e5\u7f3a\u5c11\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u9879\u6f84\u6e05\uff0c\u8868\u8ff0\u5c31\u4f1a\u5931\u771f\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6ca1\u6709<strong>\u6709\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u9694\u79bb<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b58\u5728\u552f\u4e00\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u53c2\u8003\u70b9\u3002\u76f4\u6d41\u4fa7\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u6d6e\u7a7a\u7684\u3001\u53ef\u5207\u6362\u7684\uff0c\u6216\u7531\u4e13\u95e8\u5f00\u5173\u4e34\u65f6\u89e3\u8026\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u5171\u6a21\u7535\u538b\u3001\u9635\u5217\u5bf9\u5730\u7684\u5bc4\u751f\u7535\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41 &mdash; \u6b63\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u76d1\u6d4b\u76f4\u6d41\u4fa7\u7684\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41\u4e0e\u7edd\u7f18\u7535\u963b\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>4.2 \u8ddf\u7f51\u578b\uff08grid-following\uff09\uff1a\u8ddf\u968f\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5e76\u7f51\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u5728\u5176\u5e38\u89c4\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a<strong>\u53d7\u63a7\u7535\u6d41\u6e90<\/strong>\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u9501\u76f8\u73af\u6309\u6240\u6d4b\u5f97\u7684\u7535\u7f51\u7535\u538b\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u6b65\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[i_{\\mathrm{inv}}(t) = \\sqrt{2}\\,I_{\\mathrm{inv}}\\cos\\bigl(\\hat{\\theta}(t) + \\delta\\bigr), \\qquad \\hat{\\theta} = \\mathrm{PLL}\\bigl[u_{\\mathrm{grid}}(t)\\bigr].\\]\n\n      <p>\u5b83\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bbe\u5b9a \\(U\\)\u3001\\(f\\) \u548c \\(\\varphi\\) &mdash; \u800c\u662f\u7531\u6240\u6d4b\u5f97\u7684\u7535\u7f51\u7535\u538b\u5f97\u5230\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91cf\u5e76\u636e\u6b64\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u3002\u5728\u5e38\u89c4\u5e76\u7f51\u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u63a7\u5236\u5668<strong>\u4ee5\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u9891\u7387\u57fa\u51c6\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7528\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u6bcd\u7ebf<\/strong>\uff1b\u9632\u5b64\u5c9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7981\u6b62\u5b83\u5728\u5df2\u5931\u7535\u7684\u533a\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7ef4\u6301\u7535\u538b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u5c06\u5728 &sect;11 \u548c &sect;12 \u4e2d\u8d77\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-5\">5. \u8282\u70b9\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u72b6\u6001<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\\(P_{\\mathrm{load}}\\) \u4e3a\u8d1f\u8f7d\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387\uff0c\\(P_{\\mathrm{PV}}\\) \u4e3a\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u6ce8\u5165\u7684\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387\uff0c\\(P_{\\mathrm{grid}}\\) \u4e3a\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u6709\u529f\u6f6e\u6d41\uff08\u53d7\u7535\u4e3a\u6b63\uff0c&sect;0.1\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u6807\u91cf\u7b97\u672f\u7684\u9002\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/strong> \u7b80\u5355\u76f8\u51cf\u4ec5\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u7aef\u53e3\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u5747\u4e3a 1 \u4e14\u540c\u76f8\u65f6\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u6309\u590d\u6570\u5f62\u5f0f\u8ba1\u91cf\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\underline{S}_{\\mathrm{grid}} = \\underline{S}_{\\mathrm{load}} &#8211; \\underline{S}_{\\mathrm{PV}}, \\qquad \\underline{S} = P + jQ_{\\mathrm{r}},\\]\n\n      <p>\u800c\u5728\u4e09\u76f8\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u8fd8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8ba1\u91cf\u662f\u6309\u76f8\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd8\u662f\u5408\u5e76\u8fdb\u884c\uff08&sect;7.3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>5.1 \u72b6\u6001 A &mdash; \u7528\u7535\u8d85\u8fc7\u53d1\u7535<\/h3>\n\n      \\[P_{\\mathrm{load}} = 5\\ \\text{kW}, \\quad P_{\\mathrm{PV}} = 2\\ \\text{kW} \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; P_{\\mathrm{grid}} = +3\\ \\text{kW}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728 230 V \u4e14 \\(\\cos\\varphi = 1\\) \u65f6\uff0c\u4ee5\u7535\u8377\u4f20\u8f93\u901f\u7387\u8868\u793a &mdash; <strong>\u53d6\u6709\u6548\u503c<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[I_{\\mathrm{rms,load}} = \\frac{5000}{230} \\approx 21.7\\ \\frac{\\text{C}}{\\text{s}}, \\qquad I_{\\mathrm{rms,PV}} = \\frac{2000}{230} \\approx 8.7\\ \\frac{\\text{C}}{\\text{s}}.\\]\n\n      <p><strong>\u5173\u4e8e\u300cC\/s\u300d\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u4fdd\u7559\u3002<\/strong> \u6b64\u5904\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5199\u6cd5\u8868\u793a\u4ea4\u53d8\u4f20\u8f93\u901f\u7387\u7684\u6709\u6548\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6052\u5b9a\u7684\u5355\u5411\u7535\u8377\u6d41\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5468\u671f\u5185\u901a\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3a\u96f6\uff08&sect;1\uff09\u3002\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ea4\u6362\u5f97\u4ee5\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5176\u4f59\u7ea6 13.0 C\/s \u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\u5904\u3002\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e3a\u53d7\u7535\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>5.2 \u72b6\u6001 B &mdash; \u53d1\u7535\u8986\u76d6\u7528\u7535<\/h3>\n\n      \\[P_{\\mathrm{grid}} = 5 &#8211; 5 = 0.\\]\n\n      <p>\u901a\u8fc7\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6709\u529f\u4ea4\u6362\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u8fd9<strong>\u5e76\u4e0d<\/strong>\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      <ul class=\"vendor-list--neg\">\n        <li>\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7535\u538b\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7535\u6d41\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u65e0\u529f\u4ea4\u6362 \\(Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\)\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u8c10\u6ce2\u5206\u91cf\uff1b<\/li>\n        <li>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u975e\u96f6\u7684\u77ac\u65f6\u529f\u7387 \\(p(t)\\)\u3002<\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n\n      <p>\u5f52\u96f6\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf &mdash; \u8ba1\u91cf\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u503c \\(\\langle u i\\rangle\\)\u3002\u4e0a\u5217\u5404\u91cf<strong>\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd<\/strong>\u4ecd\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6\uff1b\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5f52\u96f6\u5e76\u4e0d\u7531 \\(P_{\\mathrm{grid}} = 0\\) \u63a8\u51fa\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5e76\u672a\u88ab\u6392\u9664\uff1a\u5f53\u672c\u5730\u53d1\u7535\u4e0e\u7528\u7535\u5728 \\(P\\)\u3001\\(Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\)\u3001\u6ce2\u5f62\u548c\u76f8\u4f4d\u4e0a\u7cbe\u786e\u4e00\u81f4\u65f6\uff0c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\u5904\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u91cf\u662f\u5355\u72ec\u8ba1\u8d39\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>5.3 \u72b6\u6001 C &mdash; \u9988\u51fa<\/h3>\n\n      \\[P_{\\mathrm{PV}} = 7\\ \\text{kW}, \\quad P_{\\mathrm{load}} = 2\\ \\text{kW} \\;\\Longrightarrow\\; P_{\\mathrm{grid}} = -5\\ \\text{kW}.\\]\n\n<pre>                    5 kW\n      HOUSE ---------------------&gt; GRID\n       ^\n       | 7 kW\n      PV\n       |\n       +-- 2 kW -&gt; local loads<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u5173\u952e\u4e4b\u5904\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a<strong>\u5bfc\u7535\u7684\u62d3\u6251\u8def\u5f84\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8<\/strong>\u3002\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u5e73\u5747\u6f02\u79fb\u5206\u91cf\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u3001\u4ea4\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u5e45\u503c\u7ea6\u4e3a\u4e00\u5fae\u7c73\u91cf\u7ea7\uff1b\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u72b6\u6001 A \u8fd8\u662f\u72b6\u6001 C\uff0c\u7535\u6d41\u672c\u8eab\u6bcf\u534a\u5468\u90fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6240\u9009\u8fb9\u754c\u7684<strong>\u5e73\u5747\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387<\/strong> \\(\\langle u(t)\\,i(t)\\rangle\\) \u7684\u7b26\u53f7 &mdash; \u5373\u7aef\u53e3\u7535\u6d41\u76f8\u5bf9\u7535\u538b\u7684\u76f8\u4f4d\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7535\u8def\u7684\u51e0\u4f55\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u300c\u7535\u5b50\u8fd4\u56de\u4e86\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bf4\u6cd5\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u4ece\u6280\u672f\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5254\u9664\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-6\">6. \u8fb9\u754c\u6d4b\u91cf\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1a\u4e24\u53f0\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b88\u6052\u91cf<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u4f4f\u5b85\u88c5\u7f6e\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7ebf\u622a\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7740\u4e24\u79cd\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u662f<strong>\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b<\/strong>\u3002\u8fd9\u5927\u6982\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u7535\u529b\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u53cc\u5e73\u8861\u7eaa\u5f8b\u6700\u76f4\u89c2\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u4e00\u70b9\u672f\u8bed\u4e0a\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\uff1a\u4e24\u53f0\u88c5\u7f6e\u90fd\u5b89\u88c5\u5728\u8fdb\u7ebf\u7684<strong>\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762<\/strong>\u4e0a\u3002\u6309 &sect;0.2 \u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8be5\u5e73\u9762\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c &mdash; \u5b83\u5207\u65ad\u4e86\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u6ca1\u6709\u5207\u65ad\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u573a\u901a\u9053\u4e0e\u70ed\u901a\u9053\u3002<\/p>\n\n<pre>   PUBLIC GRID | METER | RCD | PRIVATE INSTALLATION\n                    &#915;<\/pre>\n\n      <h3>6.1 \u7535\u80fd\u8868 &mdash; \u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8bb0\u8d26\u8005<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u6709\u529f\u7535\u80fd\u8ba1\u91cf\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\u5904\u540c\u6b65\u91cf\u4e4b\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u79ef\u5206\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[E_{\\Gamma,\\Delta t} = \\int_{\\Delta t} u(t)\\,i(t)\\,dt.\\]\n\n      <p>\u53cc\u5411\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u6309\u5176\u89c4\u8303\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e0e\u805a\u5408\u7b97\u6cd5\uff0c\u5c06\u6709\u529f\u7535\u80fd\u7d2f\u52a0\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u4e2d\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u5bf9\u8be5\u7b97\u6cd5\u4f5c\u51fa\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u4eea\u8868\u5728\u5185\u90e8\u79ef\u5206\u533a\u95f4\u3001\u7d2f\u52a0\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u6309\u76f8\u6c42\u548c\u8fd8\u662f\u77e2\u91cf\u6c42\u548c\u3001\u53ef\u914d\u7f6e\u6a21\u5f0f\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u5404\u4e0d\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u800c\u968f\u540e\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u8d39\u7684\u7ed3\u7b97\u533a\u95f4\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u4e0d\u80fd\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/strong> \u4e0d\u5e94\u628a\u4eea\u8868\u7684\u7b97\u6cd5\u4e0e \\(p(t)\\) \u5355\u6b21\u77ac\u65f6\u91c7\u6837\u7684\u7b26\u53f7\u76f8\u6df7\u540c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u4e0e\u968f\u540e\u7528\u4e8e\u8ba1\u8d39\u7684\u7ed3\u7b97\u533a\u95f4\u76f8\u6df7\u540c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65e0\u529f\u6027\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u88c5\u7f6e\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u7ed3\u7b97\u533a\u95f4\u5185\u59cb\u7ec8\u662f\u51c0\u53d7\u7535\u65b9\uff0c\\(p(t)\\) \u6bcf\u5468\u671f\u4ecd\u4f1a\u4e24\u6b21\u6539\u53d8\u7b26\u53f7\uff1b\u82e5\u628a\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d1f\u534a\u5468\u90fd\u622a\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u628a\u666e\u901a\u7684\u65e0\u529f\u4ea4\u6362\u53d8\u6210\u865a\u6784\u7684\u9988\u51fa\u5bc4\u5b58\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<strong>\u4e0d\u662f\u7535\u8377\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf<\/strong>\uff08\u5728\u65e0\u76f4\u6d41\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u5468\u671f\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u5b83\u7b49\u4e8e\u96f6\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e58\u79ef\u7684\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u79ef\u5206\u3002\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u662f\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8bb0\u8d26\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u8bb0\u8d26\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>6.2 RCD &mdash; \u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u7535\u8377\u8bb0\u8d26\u8005<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\uff08RCD\uff09\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cf &mdash; \u901a\u8fc7\u540c\u4e00\u622a\u9762\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfc\u4f53\u7535\u6d41\u7684\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[i_{\\Delta}(t) = \\sum_{k} i_{k}(t).\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u4e0b\uff0c\u88ab\u6c42\u548c\u7535\u6d41\u4e92\u611f\u5668\u6240\u73af\u7ed5\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfc\u4f53\u7684\u77ac\u65f6\u7535\u6d41\u4ee3\u6570\u548c\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e8e\u96f6\u3002\u8be5\u88c5\u7f6e\u65e0\u9700\u786e\u5b9a\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u8eab\u4efd &mdash; \u5b83\u6bd4\u8f83\u7684\u662f\u7535\u6d41\u3002\u6cbf\u88ab\u73af\u7ed5\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u901a\u8def\u95ed\u5408\u7684\u7535\u6d41 &mdash; \u4f8b\u5982\u7ecf\u4fdd\u62a4\u5bfc\u4f53\u6216\u7ecf\u5927\u5730 &mdash; \u6b63\u662f\u4ea7\u751f\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41 \\(i_{\\Delta}\\) \u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u5b8c\u597d\u7684\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\u4e5f\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u96f6\uff1a\u6291\u5236\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u6ee4\u6ce2\u5668\u3001Y \u7c7b\u7535\u5bb9\u4ee5\u53ca\u5206\u5e03\u7535\u5bb9\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u6545\u969c\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41\u3002\u968f\u7740\u88ab\u73af\u7ed5\u5bfc\u4f53\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4e4b\u548c\u968f\u4e4b\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u5f53 \\(|i_{\\Delta}| &gt; I_{\\Delta n}\\) \u65f6\u88c5\u7f6e\u65ad\u5f00\u56de\u8def\u3002\u989d\u5b9a\u503c \\(I_{\\Delta n}\\) \u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7528\u9014\uff1a30 mA \u662f\u4eba\u8eab\u9644\u52a0\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5178\u578b\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u901a\u7528\u989d\u5b9a\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>6.3 \u5bf9\u7167<\/h3>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-tw\">\n        <table class=\"vendor-table\">\n          <thead><tr><th><\/th><th>\u7535\u80fd\u8868<\/th><th>RCD<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>\u88ab\u6d4b\u5bf9\u8c61<\/td><td>\\(\\int u\\,i\\,dt\\)<\/td><td>\\(\\sum_k i_k\\)<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u5b88\u6052\u91cf<\/td><td>\u80fd\u91cf<\/td><td>\u7535\u8377<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u5b8c\u597d\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u7684\u6570\u503c<\/td><td>\u975e\u96f6<\/td><td>\u4f4e\u4e8e\u52a8\u4f5c\u9608\u503c<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u5bf9\u504f\u5dee\u7684\u54cd\u5e94<\/td><td>\u8ba1\u8d39<\/td><td>\u65ad\u5f00<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u3002\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052<strong>\u4e0e\u6211\u4eec\u6d4b\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b8c\u5907\u7a0b\u5ea6\u65e0\u5173<\/strong>\u5730\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u5dee\u522b\u5728\u522b\u5904\uff1a\u8fdb\u7ebf\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\u5904\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u5931\u8861\u7531\u5355\u6b21\u5dee\u52a8\u6d4b\u91cf\u76f4\u63a5\u76d1\u89c6\uff0c\u800c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u91cd\u5efa\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u5e73\u8861\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6db5\u76d6\u5168\u90e8\u80fd\u91cf\u901a\u9053\u4e0e\u5168\u90e8\u50a8\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u624d\u80fd\u95ed\u5408\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u7ed9\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0e\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\u65e0\u5173\uff1a\u8be5\u88c5\u7f6e\u5e76\u4e0d\u6d4b\u91cf \\(dQ_{V}\/dt\\) \u9879\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8bc1\u660e\u95ed\u5408\u4f53\u79ef\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u914d\u7535\u7bb1\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u53f0\u88c5\u7f6e\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u5dee\u522b\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-7\">7. \u8ba1\u91cf\u5c42\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42<\/h2>\n\n      <h3>7.1 \u6709\u529f\u3001\u65e0\u529f\u3001\u89c6\u5728<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b63\u5f26\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[S = UI, \\qquad P = S\\cos\\varphi, \\qquad Q_{\\mathrm{r}} = S\\sin\\varphi, \\qquad S^{2} = P^{2} + Q_{\\mathrm{r}}^{2}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u975e\u6b63\u5f26\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b49\u5f0f<strong>\u4e0d\u6210\u7acb<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7578\u53d8\u5206\u91cf\u3002\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u7531\u73b0\u884c\u7248\u672c <a href=\"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/scientific-foundations-cn\/\">IEEE Std 1459-2025<\/a> \u89c4\u5b9a\uff08IEEE Std 1459-2010 \u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c2025 \u5e74 5 \u6708 16 \u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\uff09\uff0c\u8be5\u7248\u672c\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u89c6\u5728\u529f\u7387 \\(S_{e}\\)\u3001\u57fa\u6ce2\u5206\u91cf\u4e0e\u975e\u57fa\u6ce2\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u5206\u5f00\u8ba1\u91cf\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca &mdash; \u5bf9 &sect;6.1 \u800c\u8a00\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684 &mdash; \u5bf9\u6d4b\u91cf\u89c2\u6d4b\u5468\u671f\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u5904\u7406<sup><a href=\"#gctref-3\">[3]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u542b\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u8282\u70b9\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec6\u679d\u672b\u8282\uff1a\u53d8\u6d41\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u5f00\u5173\u52a8\u4f5c\u3001\u63a7\u5236\u7279\u6027\u3001\u6ee4\u6ce2\u4ee5\u53ca\u7535\u7f51\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u7578\u53d8\u800c\u542b\u6709\u975e\u57fa\u6ce2\u5206\u91cf\u3002\u73b0\u4ee3\u5e76\u7f51\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u6b63\u662f\u88ab\u4e13\u95e8\u63a7\u5236\u5f97\u4f7f\u7535\u7f51\u7535\u6d41\u63a5\u8fd1\u6b63\u5f26\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3001\u800c\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u9891\u8c31\u542b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>7.2 \u51c6\u786e\u5ea6\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e0e\u7a97\u53e3<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u6b27\u76df\u7684\u5546\u7528\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u53d7\u8ba1\u91cf\u5668\u5177\u6307\u4ee4\uff08MID\uff09\u4e0e EN 50470 \u7cfb\u5217\u7ea6\u675f\u3002\u73b0\u884c\u7684\u7b2c 3 \u90e8\u5206 EN 50470-3:2022 \u7684\u6807\u9898\u660e\u786e\u4e3a\u5bf9<strong>A\u3001B\u3001C \u7b49\u7ea7<\/strong>\u4ea4\u6d41\u6709\u529f\u7535\u80fd\u9759\u6b62\u5f0f\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e 50 Hz \u4e0e 60 Hz \u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u3002\u6240\u9700\u7b49\u7ea7\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5e94\u7528\u7c7b\u522b\uff1a\u8be5\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u9644\u4ef6 MI-003 \u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u4f4f\u5b85\u3001\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u8f7b\u5de5\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u7684\u5141\u8bb8\u7b49\u7ea7\uff0c\u5e76\u6388\u4e88\u6210\u5458\u56fd\u5c31\u7279\u5b9a\u7528\u9014\u8981\u6c42\u66f4\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u6743\u5229<sup><a href=\"#gctref-7\">[7]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u5e76\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49 D \u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8bb0\u5f55\u533a\u95f4\uff08\u5e38\u4e3a 15 \u6216 30 \u5206\u949f\uff09\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u4e0e\u7ed3\u7b97\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u6216\u5168\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u89c4\u8303\uff1a\u5b83\u56e0\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u8ba1\u91cf\u70b9\u7c7b\u522b\u800c\u5f02\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u70b9\uff1a\u8ba1\u8d39\u6309\u533a\u95f4\u7d2f\u8ba1\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u6309\u77ac\u65f6\u503c\u8fdb\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>7.3 \u56db\u8c61\u9650\u4e0e\u805a\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u56db\u8c61\u9650\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[+A \\;(\\text{\u6709\u529f\u53d7\u7535}), \\quad -A \\;(\\text{\u6709\u529f\u9988\u51fa}), \\quad +R, \\; -R \\;(\\text{\u65e0\u529f}).\\]\n\n      <p>\u5728\u4e09\u76f8\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u5173\u952e\u6027\u5730\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u805a\u5408\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5728<strong>\u6309\u76f8<\/strong>\u8ba1\u91cf\u65f6\uff0cL1 \u76f8\u7684\u9988\u51fa\u5e76\u4e0d\u62b5\u6d88 L2 \u76f8\u7684\u53d7\u7535\u3002\u5728<strong>\u5408\u5e76<\/strong>\u8ba1\u91cf\uff08\u4e09\u76f8\u51c0\u503c\uff09\u65f6\u5219\u4f1a\u62b5\u6d88\u3002\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7269\u7406\u60c5\u5f62\u4f1a\u5f97\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8d26\u5355\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u662f\u7531\u89c4\u8303\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u7269\u7406\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>7.4 \u5b8c\u6574\u7269\u7406\u91cf\u6807\u8bc6\u5361\u793a\u4f8b<\/h3>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-callout\">\n        <p>\\(\\{\\;\\Pi = \\text{\u4f4f\u5b85\u8fdb\u7ebf\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762};\\;\\; \\mathcal{Q} = \\text{\u5305\u542b\u88ab\u6d4b\u652f\u8def\u7684\u5171\u7528\u7535\u6c14\u76f8\u8fde\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc};\\;\\; X = P;\\;\\; [X] = \\text{W};\\;\\; \\text{\u72b6\u6001} = \\text{\u5b9e\u6d4b};\\;\\; \\text{\u7c7b\u578b} = \\text{\u5e73\u5747\u503c};\\;\\; \\Delta t = 15\\ \\text{min};\\;\\; \\text{\u65b9\u5411} = \\text{\u9988\u51fa};\\;\\; \\text{\u65b9\u6cd5} = \\text{C \u7ea7\u7535\u80fd\u8868};\\;\\; \\mathcal{U} = \\text{\u4f9d\u578b\u5f0f\u6279\u51c6\u4e0e\u68c0\u5b9a\u8bc1\u4e66}\\;\\}\\)<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u5f20\u6807\u8bc6\u5361\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u662f\u5e26\u4fdd\u7559\u586b\u5199\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e24\u8005\u90fd\u662f\u539f\u5219\u6027\u7684\u3002\u8fb9\u754c\u5b57\u6bb5\u8bb0\u4f5c \\(\\Pi\\) &mdash; \u8fd9\u662f\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f &sect;0.2 \u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u95ed\u5408\u80fd\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c \\(\\Gamma\\)\uff08\u89c1 &sect;6\uff09\u3002\u5b57\u6bb5 \\(\\mathcal{Q}\\) \u5728\u89c4\u8303\u4e0a\u662f<strong>\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc<\/strong>\uff0c\u5373\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7684\u603b\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62d3\u6251\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7535\u7f51\uff1b\u6b64\u5904\u5b83\u6307\u5411\u5305\u542b\u88ab\u6d4b\u652f\u8def\u7684\u5171\u7528\u7535\u6c14\u76f8\u8fde\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u300c\u5355\u4e2a\u4f4f\u5b85\u7684\u7cfb\u7efc\u300d\uff08\u89c1 &sect;0 \u4e0e &sect;8\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u7bc7\u5efa\u7acb\u4e8e\u62d3\u6251\u4e0e\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u603b\u4f53\u4e4b\u533a\u5206\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u91cc\uff0c\u628a\u7cfb\u7efc\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7535\u7f51\u662f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793a\u4f8b\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u6f14\u793a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7eaa\u5f8b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u6743\u5229\u8fdd\u53cd\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u5ea6\u6709\u610f\u4e0d\u4ee5\u6570\u5b57\u7ed9\u51fa\u3002\u6700\u5927\u5141\u8bb8\u8bef\u5dee\u5e76\u4e0d\u7531\u51c6\u786e\u5ea6\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5355\u4e00\u6570\u503c\u6307\u5b9a\uff1a\u5b83\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7535\u6d41\u8303\u56f4\u3001\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u3001\u6e29\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u89c4\u5b9a\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8be5\u5b57\u6bb5\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u5b57\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u6765\u81ea\u8bc1\u4e66\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u4e00\u5bf9\u300c\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u7535\u6d41\u300d\uff0c\u82e5\u6ca1\u6709\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u7cfb\u7efc\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u7c7b\u522b\u548c\u7a97\u53e3\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u63cf\u8ff0\u4efb\u4f55\u8fd0\u884c\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>7.5 \u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u5c42<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u300c\u51c0\u8ba1\u91cf\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f<strong>\u7ed3\u7b97\u65b9\u6848<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u8be5\u5236\u5ea6\u7531 Real Decreto 244\/2019 \u786e\u5b9a\uff1a\u7b80\u5316\u8865\u507f\u673a\u5236\uff08<em>compensaci&oacute;n simplificada<\/em>\uff09\u662f<strong>\u7ed3\u7b97\u5468\u671f\u5185\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u51c0\u989d<\/strong>\uff0c\u7531\u6309\u5c0f\u65f6\u8ba1\u4ef7\u7684\u4ece\u7535\u7f51\u53d7\u7535\u7535\u91cf\u4e0e\u5bcc\u4f59\u7535\u91cf\u7b97\u51fa\uff0c\u4e14\u5bcc\u4f59\u7535\u91cf\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4e0d\u5f97\u8d85\u8fc7\u53d7\u7535\u7535\u91cf\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<sup><a href=\"#gctref-8\">[8]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u7269\u7406\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u6539\u53d8 &mdash; \u6539\u53d8\u7684\u662f\u628a\u5bc4\u5b58\u5668\u6c47\u603b\u4e3a\u8d26\u5355\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3002\u6df7\u6dc6\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u662f\u901a\u4fd7\u8868\u8ff0\u4e2d\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u800c\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u660e\u786e\u5206\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-8\">8. \u540c\u4e00\u6761\u4f4e\u538b\u6bcd\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u5ea7\u4f4f\u5b85<\/h2>\n\n<pre>                        MEDIUM VOLTAGE\n                               |\n                          TRANSFORMER\n                          20 kV \/ 400 V\n                               |\n                   +-----------+-----------+\n                   |                       |\n                HOUSE A                 HOUSE B\n              load 2 kW              load 5 kW\n              PV   6 kW              PV   0\n                   |                       |\n                   +------ LOW VOLTAGE ----+<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u4f4f\u5b85 A \u9988\u51fa \\(6 &#8211; 2 = 4\\) kW\u3002\u4f4f\u5b85 B \u53d7\u7535 5 kW\u3002\u7ecf\u7531\u4e0a\u6e38\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u6d41\u8fc7\u7684\u662f<\/p>\n\n      \\[P_{\\mathrm{MV}} = 5 &#8211; 4 = 1\\ \\text{kW} \\;+\\; \\text{\u635f\u8017}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u4f4f\u5b85 A \u7684\u5149\u4f0f\u53d1\u7535\u5728\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u4f4f\u5b85 B \u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7528\u7535\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u4e0e &sect;1.1 \u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5ba1\u614e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u662f\u539f\u5219\u6027\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u4e0d\u80fd\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/strong> \u4f4f\u5b85 A\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85 B\u3001\u9988\u7ebf\u7535\u7f06\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6b21\u7ed5\u7ec4\u6784\u6210<strong>\u4e00\u4e2a\u7535\u6c14\u76f8\u8fde\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5206\u652f\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u7f51\u7edc<\/strong>\u3002\u56de\u8def\u300cL &rarr; \u8d1f\u8f7d A &rarr; N\u300d\u4e0e\u300cL &rarr; \u8d1f\u8f7d B &rarr; N\u300d\u662f\u62d3\u6251\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7406\u4e0a\u5f7c\u6b64\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u603b\u4f53\u3002\u300c\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u300d\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8ff0\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u4fa7\u4e0e\u4e8c\u6b21\u4fa7\uff0c\u800c<strong>\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u4e8e<\/strong>\u540c\u4e00\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u4e24\u6761\u652f\u8def\u3002&sect;1.1 \u7684\u4f30\u7b97\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u90a3\u4e00\u5fae\u7c73\u662f\u7cfb\u7efc\u5e73\u5747\u6f02\u79fb\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u5e45\u503c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u5355\u4e2a\u7535\u5b50\u8f68\u8ff9\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u53ef\u4ee5\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002<\/strong> \u7528\u4f4f\u5b85 A \u7684\u53d1\u7535\u8986\u76d6\u4f4f\u5b85 B \u7684\u7528\u7535\uff0c<strong>\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u540c\u4e00\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u603b\u4f53\u4ece A \u7684\u7ec4\u4ef6\u7aef\u5230\u7aef\u5b9a\u5411\u8f93\u8fd0\u81f3 B \u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5904<\/strong>\u3002\u5728 50 Hz \u4e0b\uff0c\u5e73\u5747\u6f02\u79fb\u5206\u91cf\u662f\u4ea4\u53d8\u4e14\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\uff1b\u7ed3\u679c\u7531\u5171\u7528\u5bfc\u7535\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u72b6\u6001\u4ee5\u53ca\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u5404\u7aef\u53e3\u7684\u5e26\u7b26\u53f7\u529f\u7387\u6f6e\u6d41\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u9006\u53d8\u5668 A \u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u7aef\u53e3 A \u7684\u5e73\u5747\u901a\u91cf \\(\\langle u i\\rangle\\) \u53d8\u4e3a\u8d1f\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u7aef\u53e3 B \u53d8\u4e3a\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-9\">9. \u4ece\u5c40\u90e8\u8282\u70b9\u901a\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6865\u6881\uff1a\u7535\u538b\u62ac\u5347<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u6b63\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u5b83\uff0c\u5411\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u4e8b\u6545\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u5c31\u5931\u53bb\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8bbe\u63a5\u5165\u70b9\uff08PoC\uff09\u7ecf\u4e00\u6761\u7535\u963b\u4e3a \\(R\\)\u3001\u7535\u6297\u4e3a \\(X\\) \u7684\u7ebf\u8def\u4e0e\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u6bcd\u7ebf\u76f8\u8fde\u3002\u6b64\u5904\u4e0d\u5f15\u5165\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5957\u7b26\u53f7\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0e\u5168\u6587\u76f8\u540c\u7684 \\(P_{\\Gamma}\\) \u4e0e \\(Q_{\\Gamma}\\)\uff0c\u53d7\u7535\u4e3a\u6b63\uff08&sect;0.1\uff09\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5c0f\u504f\u5dee\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\Delta U = U_{\\mathrm{PoC}} &#8211; U_{\\mathrm{bus}} \\approx -\\,\\frac{R\\,P_{\\Gamma} + X\\,Q_{\\Gamma}}{U}.\\]\n\n      <p>\u6b64\u5904\u7684\u8d1f\u53f7\u5e76\u975e\u88c5\u9970\uff1a\u5b83\u6b63\u662f\u8be5\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u53d7\u7535\u65f6 \\(P_{\\Gamma} &gt; 0\\)\uff0c\u63a5\u5165\u70b9\u7535\u538b\u4f4e\u4e8e\u6bcd\u7ebf\u7535\u538b\uff1b\u6709\u529f\u9988\u51fa\u65f6 \\(P_{\\Gamma} &lt; 0\\)\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f \\(\\Delta U &gt; 0\\) &mdash; \u63a5\u5165\u70b9\u7535\u538b\u62ac\u5347\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7531\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u53ef\u5f97\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9645\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u3002<\/strong> \u5728\u4f4e\u538b\u914d\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d &mdash; \u65e0\u8bba\u7535\u7f06\u8fd8\u662f\u67b6\u7a7a &mdash; \\(R\/X\\) \u4e4b\u6bd4\u660e\u663e\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8f93\u7535\u7f51\uff0c\u7535\u963b\u5206\u91cf\u5bf9 \\(\\Delta U\\) \u6709\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u4f4e\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b63\u662f<strong>\u6709\u529f<\/strong>\u9988\u51fa\u80fd\u591f\u663e\u8457\u62ac\u5347\u63a5\u5165\u70b9\u7535\u538b\u3002\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u5141\u8bb8\u4e0a\u9650\u65f6\uff0c\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u5fc5\u987b\u9650\u5236\u5176\u8f93\u51fa\u6216\u65ad\u5f00\u3002\\(R\/X\\) \u7684\u5177\u4f53\u6570\u503c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u622a\u9762\u3001\u6750\u6599\u3001\u957f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ebf\u8def\u7ed3\u6784\uff1b\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u4efb\u4f55\u901a\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u3002<\/strong> \u5728\u5178\u578b\u8f93\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u7535\u6297\u663e\u8457\u5927\u4e8e\u7535\u963b\uff0c\u7535\u538b\u4e3b\u8981\u7531<strong>\u65e0\u529f<\/strong>\u529f\u7387\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u65e0\u529f\u8c03\u8282\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u628a\u4e00\u5ea7\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5149\u4f0f\u4f4f\u5b85\u4e0e\u6574\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5750\u6807\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5c40\u90e8\u7aef\u53e3\u65e0\u6cd5\u6539\u53d8\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b &mdash; \u4f46\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u6539\u53d8\u67d0\u4e00\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7535\u538b\uff0c\u800c\u7535\u538b\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5750\u6807\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-10\">10. \u4e94\u79cd\u62d3\u6251<\/h2>\n\n      <p>&sect;0 \u7684\u6096\u8bba\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u5165\u5f7c\u6b64\u5206\u5f00\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5c42\u6b21\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u5316\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd9\u5f20\u4e94\u5c42\u6b21\u56fe\u662f<strong>\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6<\/strong>\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u3001\u5761\u5370\u5ef7\u5b9a\u7406\u4e0e\u7535\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u884c\u4e1a\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u56de\u7b54\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u5c42\u6b21\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6df7\u6dc6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u901a\u4fd7\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5217\u7684\u7c7b\u522b\u9700\u5355\u72ec\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<strong>\u5b88\u6052\u91cf\u662f\u7535\u8377\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u62d3\u6251\u3002<\/strong> \u62d3\u6251 &mdash; \u5373\u53ef\u7528\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u4e0e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u96c6\u5408 &mdash; \u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5b88\u6052\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8b\u6545\u4e2d\u6070\u6070\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u6539\u53d8\uff1a\u65ad\u8def\u5668\u65ad\u5f00\u4e00\u6761\u652f\u8def\uff0c\u7ebf\u8def\u8df3\u95f8\uff0c\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u89e3\u5217\u3002\u6df7\u6dc6\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7c7b\u522b\u4f1a\u4f7f\u672c\u6587\u81ea\u76f8\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a &sect;11 \u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-tw\">\n        <table class=\"vendor-table\">\n          <thead><tr><th>\u5c42\u6b21<\/th><th>\u8be5\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u95ee\u9898<\/th><th>\u4e0d\u53d8\u91cf\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>\u7535\u8377\u62d3\u6251<\/td><td>\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u95ed\u5408\uff0c\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff1f<\/td><td>\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u59cb\u7ec8\u6210\u7acb\uff1b\u53ef\u7528\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u968f\u5f00\u5173\u52a8\u4f5c\u800c\u6539\u53d8<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u80fd\u91cf\u62d3\u6251<\/td><td>\u80fd\u91cf\u901a\u8fc7\u54ea\u4e9b\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u6cbf\u54ea\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4f20\u8f93\uff1f<\/td><td>\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u59cb\u7ec8\u6210\u7acb\uff1b\u6f6e\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u7aef\u53e3\u6784\u6210\u4e0e\u50a8\u80fd\u90fd\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u573a\u62d3\u6251<\/td><td>\u54ea\u4e9b\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u5728\u7535\u78c1\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u8026\u5408\uff1f<\/td><td>\u7535\u78c1\u8026\u5408\u7531\u7269\u7406\u6784\u578b\u53ca\u5176\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\u51b3\u5b9a<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u62d3\u6251<\/td><td>\u54ea\u4e9b\u72b6\u6001\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u7535\u7f51\u624d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u5b58\u5728\uff1f<\/td><td><strong>\u7a33\u5b9a\u800c\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u80fd\u4e27\u5931<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u63a7\u5236\u62d3\u6251<\/td><td>\u7531\u8c01\u3001\u6309\u4f55\u79cd\u5224\u636e\u3001\u4ee5\u591a\u5927\u5ef6\u65f6\u65ad\u5f00\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fde\u63a5\uff1f<\/td><td>\u5f00\u5173\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e3b\u52a8\u6539\u53d8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7269\u7406\u62d3\u6251\uff1b\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u901f\u5ea6\u7531\u6b64\u51b3\u5b9a<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u4e00\u5ea7\u4f4f\u5b85\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u6761\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\text{L} \\to \\text{\u8d1f\u8f7d} \\to \\text{N} \\to \\text{\u4e8c\u6b21\u7ed5\u7ec4},\\]\n\n      <p>\u4f46\u5b83\u5728\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0a\u7ecf\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u7684\u573a\u4e0e\u4e2d\u538b\u7535\u7f51\u8026\u5408\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e0e\u9ad8\u538b\u8026\u5408\uff0c\u9ad8\u538b\u53c8\u4e0e\u53d1\u7535\u3001\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u548c\u76f8\u90bb\u7cfb\u7edf\u8026\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n\n<pre>                        generator\n                            |\n   PV -&gt; LV = FIELD = MV = FIELD = HV = HV = France\n                            |\n                        generator<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u3002\u80fd\u91cf\u8de8\u8d8a\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u5728\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u8026\u5408\u3002\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u662f\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-11\">11. 2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4e27\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b88\u6052\u7684\u7834\u574f<\/h2>\n\n      <p>ENTSO-E \u4e13\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u62a5\u544a\u4e8e 2026 \u5e74 3 \u6708 20 \u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u3002\u8be5\u62a5\u544a\u7531 49 \u540d\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\u7f16\u5236 &mdash; \u5305\u62ec\u8f93\u7535\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u8425\u5546\u3001\u533a\u57df\u534f\u8c03\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001ACER \u4e0e\u5404\u56fd\u76d1\u7ba1\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4ee3\u8868 &mdash; \u5e76\u8f7d\u6709\u4e00\u7ec4\u65e8\u5728\u589e\u5f3a\u6b27\u6d32\u7cfb\u7edf\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u5efa\u8bae<sup><a href=\"#gctref-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u62a5\u544a\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u3002<\/strong> \u6b64\u6b21\u4e8b\u6545\u5e76\u975e\u6e90\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u82e5\u5e72\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\uff1a\u632f\u8361\u3001\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6b20\u7f3a\u3001\u7535\u538b\u8c03\u8282\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5883\u5185\u53d1\u7535\u51fa\u529b\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u4e0b\u964d\u4e0e\u53d1\u7535\u673a\u7ec4\u7684\u5207\u9664\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56e0\u7d20\u5bfc\u81f4\u7535\u538b\u5feb\u901f\u4e0a\u5347\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u5207\u9664<sup><a href=\"#gctref-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u5df2\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/strong> \u5728 0.63 Hz\uff08\u672c\u5730\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u4e0e 0.2 Hz\uff08\u533a\u57df\u95f4\u6a21\u5f0f\uff09\u9891\u7387\u4e0a\u7684\u632f\u8361\u5931\u7a33\u3002\u5728 12:32:00&ndash;12:32:48 \u533a\u95f4\u5185\uff0c5 MW \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5927\u578b\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u53d1\u7535\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u51fa\u529b\u4e0b\u964d\u7ea6 500 MW\u3002\u81f3 12:33:16\uff0c\u5df4\u8fbe\u970d\u65af\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5207\u9664\u5df2\u79fb\u9664 727 MW \u7684\u5149\u4f0f\u4e0e\u805a\u5149\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u53d1\u7535\uff1b\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u79d2\u5185\uff0c\u4e94\u4e2a\u7701\u53c8\u6709 928 MW \u89e3\u5217\u3002\u603b\u8ba1\u635f\u5931\u8d85\u8fc7 2.5 GW\uff0c\u5176\u65f6\u7535\u538b\u8d85\u8fc7 435 kV\u300212:33:19\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4e0e\u8461\u8404\u7259\u7cfb\u7edf\u5931\u53bb\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u9646\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u540c\u6b65<sup><a href=\"#gctref-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup><sup><a href=\"#gctref-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u662f\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u534a\u5c9b\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u672c\u571f\u4e0e\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3002\u5c9b\u5c7f\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f11\u8fbe\u4e0e\u6885\u5229\u5229\u4e9a\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8be5\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>11.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u7684\u7834\u574f<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4efb\u610f\u9009\u5b9a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\uff0c\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u90fd\u6210\u7acb<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\oint_{\\Gamma}\\mathbf{J}\\cdot d\\mathbf{A} + \\frac{dQ_{V}}{dt} = 0.\\]\n\n      <p>\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e93\u4ed1\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e93\u4ed1\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u4e0e\u80fd\u91cf\u5b88\u6052\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u523b\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5931\u7a33\u7684\u662f<strong>\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001<\/strong>\uff1a\u7535\u538b\u3001\u89d2\u5ea6\u52a8\u6001\u3001\u65e0\u529f\u5907\u7528\u3001\u53d1\u7535\u6784\u6210\u4e0e\u5f00\u5173\u62d3\u6251\u4e0d\u518d\u5141\u8bb8\u7ef4\u6301\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u540c\u6b65\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u300c\u8fd0\u884c\u70b9\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u6b64\u5e76\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\uff1a\u5b83\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u662f\u7a33\u6001\uff0c\u800c\u7ea7\u8054\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u52a8\u6001\u8f68\u8ff9\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u540c\u5750\u6807<\/p>\n\n      \\[U,\\quad f,\\quad \\varphi,\\quad P,\\quad Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\]\n\n      <p>\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u4fdd\u6301\u3002\u6309 &sect;10 \u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5931\u6548\u7684\u662f\u7b2c\u56db\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e94\u5c42\u6b21 &mdash; \u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u524d\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u300c\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e\u300d\u7684\u9648\u8ff0\uff1a\u80fd\u91cf\u62d3\u6251\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7528\u300c\u6b63\u786e \/ \u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u300d\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e8c\u503c\u72b6\u6001\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u800c\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e0e\u50a8\u80fd\u5728\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5168\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>11.2 \u52a8\u6001\u5750\u6807\uff1a\u60ef\u91cf\u4e0e\u9891\u7387\u53d8\u5316\u7387<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u7ecf\u5178\u540c\u6b65\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u9891\u7387\u52a8\u6001\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u540c\u6b65\u673a\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u7387\u548c\u7535\u78c1\u529f\u7387\u4e4b\u5e73\u8861\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u50a8\u5b58\u7684\u52a8\u80fd\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u521d\u59cb\u533a\u95f4\u7684\u805a\u5408\u7b80\u5316\u6a21\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\frac{2H}{f_{0}}\\,\\frac{df}{dt} \\simeq \\frac{P_{m} &#8211; P_{e}}{S_{\\mathrm{base}}},\\]\n\n      <p>\u5176\u4e2d \\(P_{m}\\) \u4e3a\u603b\u673a\u68b0\u529f\u7387\uff0c\\(P_{e}\\) \u4e3a\u603b\u7535\u78c1\u529f\u7387\uff0c\\(H\\) \u4e3a\u60ef\u6027\u65f6\u95f4\u5e38\u6570\uff08s\uff09\uff0c\\(S_{\\mathrm{base}}\\) \u4e3a\u540c\u6b65\u4e92\u8054\u673a\u7ec4\u7684\u57fa\u51c6\u89c6\u5728\u529f\u7387\u3002\u7b26\u53f7\u6b63\u662f\u7531\u5dee\u503c \\(P_{m} &#8211; P_{e}\\) \u786e\u5b9a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1b\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\u7b26\u53f7\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4ee5\u300c\u529f\u7387\u7f3a\u989d\u300d\u4e66\u5199\u662f\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8be5\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\uff1a\u968f\u7740\u540c\u6b65\u65cb\u8f6c\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u7b49\u6548\u52a8\u80fd\u50a8\u5907\u51cf\u5c11 &mdash; \u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b80\u5316\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7531\u4e58\u79ef \\(H S_{\\mathrm{base}}\\) \u8868\u793a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u5404\u673a\u7ec4\u60ef\u6027\u65f6\u95f4\u5e38\u6570\u7684\u7b97\u672f\u6c42\u548c\u8868\u793a &mdash; <strong>\u540c\u6837\u7684<\/strong>\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f<strong>\u66f4\u5927\u7684<\/strong>\u9891\u7387\u53d8\u5316\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u5e73\u8861 &mdash; \u5b83\u7f29\u77ed\u4e86\u7559\u7ed9\u4fdd\u62a4\u4e0e\u8c03\u8282\u5668\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5728\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u5360\u6bd4\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u56fe\u666f\u8fd8\u8981\u52a0\u4e0a\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u7535\u529b\u7535\u5b50\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u9891\u7387\u76f8\u5173\u8d1f\u8f7d\u3001\u50a8\u80fd\u4e0e\u865a\u62df\u60ef\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u662f\uff1a<strong>\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u7b49\u6548\u9891\u7387\u652f\u6491\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7528\u666e\u901a\u7684\u8ddf\u7f51\u578b\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u66ff\u4ee3\u540c\u6b65\u673a\uff0c\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u673a\u7535\u60ef\u91cf\u5e76\u6539\u53d8\u5176\u9891\u7387\u52a8\u6001\u3002<\/strong> \u57fa\u4e8e\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5feb\u901f\u9891\u7387\u54cd\u5e94\u3001\u865a\u62df\u60ef\u91cf\u4e0e\u4e0b\u5782\u7279\u6027 &mdash; \u4f46\u8fd9\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u67b6\u6784\u4e0e\u53ef\u7528\u80fd\u91cf\u50a8\u5907\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a5\u5165\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>11.3 \u673a\u5236\uff1a\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u4e0e\u8fc7\u7535\u538b<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u7ecf\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5206\u6790\u5c06\u6240\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a<strong>\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u63a7\u5236\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u5207\u9664\uff0c\u7531\u8fc7\u7535\u538b\u4fdd\u62a4\u89e6\u53d1<\/strong>\u3002\u8be5\u673a\u5236\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8fc7\u7535\u538b\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u5927\u505c\u7535\uff0c\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u5f97\u591a\u5f97\u591a\u7684\u6b20\u7535\u538b\u5d29\u6e83\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c<sup><a href=\"#gctref-4\">[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002\u6240\u5217\u7684\u5173\u952e\u524d\u63d0\u56e0\u7d20\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u3001\u4e0d\u63d0\u4f9b\u52a8\u6001\u7535\u538b\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u53ef\u518d\u751f\u53d1\u7535\uff1b\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u5438\u6536\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7387\u504f\u4f4e\u7684\u8f93\u7535\u7f51<sup><a href=\"#gctref-5\">[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u7684\u7269\u7406\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u3002\u82e5<\/p>\n\n      \\[\\cos\\varphi = \\mathrm{const}, \\qquad \\text{\u5219} \\qquad Q_{\\mathrm{r}} = P\\tan\\varphi,\\]\n\n      <p>\u5373\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u88ab\u521a\u6027\u5730\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5728\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e76<strong>\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5750\u6807<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0b\uff0c\\(Q_{\\mathrm{r}}\\) \u4e0d\u88ab\u7528\u4f5c\u52a8\u6001\u7535\u538b\u63a7\u5236\u4e2d\u72ec\u7acb\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u5750\u6807 &mdash; \u800c\u8fd9\u6070\u6070\u662f &sect;9 \u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bf4\u7684\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u7684\u539f\u7406\u6027\u65e0\u80fd\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6216\u5438\u6536\u65e0\u529f\u529f\u7387\u7684\u786c\u4ef6\u80fd\u529b\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5177\u5907\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5176\u540e\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff1a<\/p>\n\n<pre>  available Q absorption capacity insufficient  AND  generation PF ~ const\n                    |\n                    v\n                  U up\n                    |\n                    v\n     overvoltage protections disconnect generation\n                    |\n                    v\n          change of P, Q and switching topology\n                    |\n                    v\n              U up at other nodes\n                    |\n                    v\n                further disconnections<\/pre>\n\n      <p>\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa &sect;9 \u4e0e &sect;11 \u4e4b\u95f4\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u786e\u5207\u8868\u8ff0\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u5e94\u6bd4\u8fd9\u66f4\u5f3a\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-callout\">\n        <p>&sect;9 \u4e0e &sect;11 \u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u6709\u529f\u3001\u65e0\u529f\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u95f4<strong>\u540c\u4e00\u7269\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u914d\u7535\u7f51\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u9988\u51fa\u65f6\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u538b\u62ac\u5347\u3002\u5728\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u7ecf\u7531\u65e0\u529f\u5438\u6536\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u53d1\u7535\u3001\u8fc7\u7535\u538b\u3001\u4fdd\u62a4\u52a8\u4f5c\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u7684\u53d1\u7535\u5207\u9664\uff0c\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u6b63\u53cd\u9988\u56de\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u9988\u7684\u7ea7\u8054\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u628a &sect;11 \u4e0e\u9988\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7535\u538b\u62ac\u5347\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u6765\u3002\u7535\u538b\u5bf9\u529f\u7387\u6f6e\u6d41\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u7075\u654f\u5ea6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\uff1b\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u4e8b\u6545\u5219\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u5e26\u6709\u63a7\u5236\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>11.4 \u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0<\/h3>\n\n      <p>2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u6240\u5c55\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u672c\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\u6240\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u8bba\u70b9\uff1a<strong>\u53ef\u4ee5\u5efa\u6210\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7535\u8377\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\u5185\u90fd\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u5728\u52a8\u6001\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u3002<\/strong> \u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5728\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7d2f\u52a0\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u300c\u65e0\u53ef\u6311\u5254\u300d\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u6b64\u6709\u610f\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bcf\u4e00\u5904\u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u6d41\u5e73\u8861\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u90fd\u65e0\u53ef\u6311\u5254\uff1a\u5f00\u5173\u52a8\u4f5c\u65f6\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7535\u8377\u79ef\u7d2f\u3001\u4f4d\u79fb\u7535\u6d41\u3001\u6f0f\u7535\u6d41\u3001\u6682\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a7\u5236\u4f53\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u6240\u65ad\u8a00\u7684\u6070\u6070\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9 &mdash; \u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\u5f97\u5230\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u800c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4e27\u5931\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-12\">12. \u8c01\u6765\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u5904\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u72b6\u6001<\/h2>\n\n      <p>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u7535\u8377\u6a21\u578b\u628a\u5b83\u8868\u8ff0\u5f97\u5341\u5206\u7cbe\u786e\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u53d8\u6d41\u5668\u63a7\u5236\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u4e14\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u754c\u7ebf\uff1a\u6587\u732e\u533a\u5206\u8ddf\u7f51\u578b\uff08grid-following\uff09\u3001\u652f\u6491\u578b\uff08grid-supporting\uff09\u3001\u6784\u7f51\u578b\uff08grid-forming\uff09\u3001\u865a\u62df\u540c\u6b65\u673a\u3001\u529f\u7387\u540c\u6b65\u3001\u865a\u62df\u632f\u8361\u5668\u4ee5\u53ca\u6df7\u5408\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u5907\u4e24\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6b64\u5904\u6240\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u9700\u5212\u51fa<strong>\u4e24\u79cd\u6781\u9650\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u6781\u9650\u65b9\u5f0f 1 &mdash; \u8ddf\u968f\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong> \u88c5\u7f6e\u6d4b\u91cf\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684 \\(U\\)\u3001\\(f\\)\u3001\\(\\varphi\\)\uff0c\u5e76\u6ce8\u5165\u6309\u6240\u6d4b\u76f8\u4f4d\u540c\u6b65\u7684\u7535\u6d41\u3002\u5176\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e3a \\(i(t) = f\\bigl[\\hat\\theta(u_{\\mathrm{grid}})\\bigr]\\)\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5668<strong>\u4ee5\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u9891\u7387\u57fa\u51c6\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0<\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u7528\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u6bcd\u7ebf\uff1b\u5728\u57fa\u51c6\u7535\u538b\u6d88\u5931\u65f6\u5b83\u5fc5\u987b\u65ad\u5f00\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5e76\u7f51\u5149\u4f0f\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6b64\u7c7b\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p><strong>\u6781\u9650\u65b9\u5f0f 2 &mdash; \u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong> \u88c5\u7f6e\u81ea\u884c\u4e3a\u5c40\u90e8\u8f7d\u6d41\u5b50\u7cfb\u7efc\u5f62\u6210\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u8bbe\u5b9a \\(U\\)\u3001\\(f\\)\u3001\\(\\varphi\\) \u4e0e\u6ce2\u5f62\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8d1f\u8f7d\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\u4e88\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u5176\u65b9\u7a0b\u4e3a \\(u(t) = f[\\text{\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001}]\\)\uff0c\u800c\u7535\u6d41\u662f\u6240\u63a5\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5c40\u90e8\u4ea4\u6d41\u6bcd\u7ebf\u5f97\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e3b\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u662f\u91cf\u7684\u533a\u5206\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u4e24\u7c7b\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u533a\u5206\uff1a\u4e00\u7c7b\u53c2\u4e0e\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u7c7b\u81ea\u884c\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>12.1 VENDOR.Max \u7684\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u6b64\u5904\u9700\u8981\u672f\u8bed\u4e0a\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u6bd4\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0a\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u5728 &sect;4\u3001&sect;11 \u4e0e &sect;12 \u5f00\u5934\u6240\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4ea4\u6d41\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u6784\u7f51\u578b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f62\u6210\u7535\u538b\u53ca\u5176\u65f6\u95f4\u57fa\u51c6 &mdash; \u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u76f8\u4f4d\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u65ad\u8a00\u8be5\u672f\u8bed\u4e13\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4ea4\u6d41\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u5728\u76f4\u6d41\u5fae\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u6784\u7f51\u578b\u4e5f\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u76f4\u6d41\u6bcd\u7ebf\u7535\u538b\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u6307\u51fa\uff0cGFL\/GFM \u5206\u7c7b\u662f\u4e3a\u4ea4\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u79fb\u7528\u5230\u76f4\u6d41\u9700\u8981\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<sup><a href=\"#gctref-9\">[9]<\/a><\/sup>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u7531\u6b64\u5f97\u51fa\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u800c\u5b83\u662f\u523b\u610f\u6536\u7a84\u7684\u3002VENDOR.Max \u7684\u76ee\u6807\u8f93\u51fa\u662f<strong>&minus;48 V \u76f4\u6d41<\/strong>\u53d7\u63a7\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u5bf9\u8be5\u63a5\u53e3\u800c\u8a00 \\(f\\) \u4e0e \\(\\varphi\\) \u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u662f\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u5750\u6807\u3002\u672c\u6587<strong>\u5e76\u4e0d\u628a VENDOR.Max \u5f52\u7c7b\u4e3a\u6784\u7f51\u578b\u88c5\u7f6e<\/strong> &mdash; \u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u76f4\u6d41\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u3002\u53d6\u800c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7a84\u4e14\u53ef\u6838\u9a8c\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\uff1a\u4e3a\u6240\u63a5\u8d1f\u8f7d<strong>\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u76f4\u6d41\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u8be5\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7531\u56db\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u5c42\u7ea7\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u5c42\u6b21\u5404\u6709\u5176\u627f\u62c5\u8005\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"vendor-tw\">\n        <table class=\"vendor-table\">\n          <thead><tr><th>\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6<\/th><th>\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u627f\u62c5\u8005<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n          <tbody>\n            <tr><td>\u5fae\u79d2&ndash;\u6beb\u79d2<\/td><td>\u7535\u5bb9\u7f13\u51b2\u6291\u5236\u9661\u6cbf<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u6beb\u79d2&ndash;\u79d2<\/td><td>\u5185\u7f6e\u84c4\u7535\u6c60\u586b\u8865\u6682\u6001\u7f3a\u53e3<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u79d2\u53ca\u66f4\u6162<\/td><td>BBMS \u76d1\u7ba1\u628a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u5404\u8fd0\u884c\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fc7\u6e21<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>\u6301\u7eed<\/td><td>\u652f\u8def\u6811\u627f\u62c5\u7a33\u6001\u5206\u914d<\/td><\/tr>\n          <\/tbody>\n        <\/table>\n      <\/div>\n\n      <p>\u5404\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u89c4\u8303\u4e0a\u662f\u533a\u5206\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u76f8\u6df7\u540c\uff1a\u6682\u6001\u7f3a\u53e3\u7531\u84c4\u7535\u6c60\u586b\u8865\uff0c\u800c\u65b0\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u70b9\u7531\u76d1\u7ba1\u63a7\u5236\u6765\u6307\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <p>\u4ece\u672c\u6587\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u7531 <a href=\"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/products-cn\/\">VENDOR.Max<\/a> \u4f9b\u7535\u7684\u573a\u5730\u6784\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c40\u90e8\u8282\u70b9\uff0c<strong>\u5176\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4ece\u573a\u5730\u5185\u90e8\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u8bfb\u53d6\u7684\u3002\u8be5\u8282\u70b9\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u5916\u90e8\u7684\u7535\u7f51\u76f8\u4f4d\u4e0e\u9891\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u6d41\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u62d3\u6251\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u6bcd\u7ebf\u8fdb\u884c\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u5c40\u90e8\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5916\u90e8 \\(f\\) \u4e0e \\(\\varphi\\) \u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h3>12.2 \u5173\u4e8e\u8bba\u65ad\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u4fdd\u7559<\/h3>\n\n      <p>\u660e\u786e\u56fa\u5b9a\u56db\u9879\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u9879\u90fd\u4e0d\u4e88\u653e\u5bbd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n      <ol>\n        <li><strong>\u81ea\u4e3b\u8f93\u51fa\u4e0e\u5e76\u7f51\u5e76\u8054\u8fd0\u884c\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u7c7b\u522b\u3002<\/strong> \u80fd\u591f\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5f62\u6210\u7535\u538b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5177\u5907\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u7f51\u540c\u6b65\u5e76\u8054\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u540e\u8005\u8981\u6c42\u540c\u6b65\u3001\u76f8\u4f4d\u4fdd\u6301\u3001\u6f6e\u6d41\u65b9\u5411\u63a7\u5236\u3001\u9632\u6b62\u5bf9\u5931\u7535\u7ebf\u8def\u7684\u610f\u5916\u9001\u7535\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b26\u5408\u5e76\u7f51\u89c4\u7a0b &mdash; \u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7c7b\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e0e\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n        <li><strong>\u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u5173\u4e8e\u7535\u7f51\u8f85\u52a9\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u8bba\u65ad\u3002<\/strong> \u6240\u8ff0\u5185\u5bb9\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u662f\u5c40\u90e8\u8282\u70b9\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7535\u529b\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u7535\u538b\u6216\u9891\u7387\u8c03\u8282\u3002<\/li>\n        <li><strong>\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong> \u7531\u5f00\u53d1\u65b9\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bc4\u5b9a\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4e0e\u7ecf\u72ec\u7acb\u8ba1\u91cf\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4e8c\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6309\u5df2\u516c\u5e03\u89c4\u7a0b\u5728\u5b8c\u6574\u8bbe\u5907\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6d4b\u91cf\u6765\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n        <li><strong>\u672f\u8bed\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u3002<\/strong> \u672c\u6587\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u8fd9\u4e00\u5177\u6709\u76f4\u6d41\u63a5\u53e3\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u8d4b\u4e88\u8ddf\u7f51\u578b\u6216\u6784\u7f51\u578b\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u3002\u5bf9\u5b83\u53ea\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e00\u9879\u5c5e\u6027 &mdash; \u5f62\u6210\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u76f4\u6d41\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u66f4\u5bbd\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u540c\u6b65\u3001\u5b64\u5c9b\u8fd0\u884c\u3001\u9632\u5b64\u5c9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u3001\u4f4e\u7535\u538b\u7a7f\u8d8a\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u7535\u538b\u8c03\u8282\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3001\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u8bd5\u9a8c\u4e0e\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u9a8c\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n\n      <p>\u672c\u8282\u6807\u9898\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u884c\u4e1a\u800c\u8a00\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u3002\u4f0a\u6bd4\u5229\u4e9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5df2\u7ecf\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n\n      <h2 id=\"gct-13\">13. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/h2>\n\n      <ol>\n        <li>\u5728\u65e0\u76f4\u6d41\u5206\u91cf\u7684\u7a33\u6001\u5468\u671f\u6027\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u6574\u5468\u671f\u5185\u901a\u8fc7\u622a\u9762\u7684\u7535\u8377\u4ee3\u6570\u8fc1\u79fb\u91cf\u4e3a\u96f6\uff0c\u800c\u80fd\u91cf\u4f20\u8f93\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u4ec5\u77e5\u9053\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7535\u8377\u91cf\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u6240\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff1a\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8be5\u8fc1\u79fb\u6240\u5904\u7684\u7535\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u80fd\u91cf\u7531\u7535\u78c1\u573a\u643a\u5e26\uff1b\u5bfc\u4f53\u786e\u5b9a\u51e0\u4f55\u4e0e\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u5149\u4f0f\u9006\u53d8\u5668\u62e5\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u76f4\u6d41\u56de\u8def\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u4fa7\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u901a\u5f80\u53d1\u7535\u5382\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7ebf\u8def\uff1a\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u65e2\u6709\u8282\u70b9\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u53ef\u63a7\u7aef\u53e3\u3002\u5728\u65e0\u53d8\u538b\u5668\u65b9\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u5149\u4f0f\u4fa7\u4e0e\u7535\u7f51\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u9694\u79bb\u5e76\u65e0\u4fdd\u8bc1\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7ebf\u6d4b\u91cf\u622a\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u7535\u80fd\u8868\u7531 \\(u(t)\\,i(t)\\) \u786e\u5b9a\u6709\u529f\u7535\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41\u4fdd\u62a4\u88c5\u7f6e\u786e\u5b9a\u5269\u4f59\u7535\u6d41 \\(\\sum_k i_k\\)\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e24\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5bf9\u5e94\u80fd\u91cf\u5e73\u8861\u4e0e\u7535\u8377\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u800c\u8fdb\u7ebf\u6d4b\u91cf\u5e73\u9762\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u5728\u5168\u6587\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u300c\u53d7\u7535\u4e3a\u6b63\u300d\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4e0b\uff0c\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u529f\u7387\u6f6e\u6d41\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5f0f\u4e3a \\(\\Delta U \\approx -\\,(R P_{\\Gamma} + X Q_{\\Gamma})\/U\\)\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6709\u529f\u9988\u51fa\u65f6 \\(P_{\\Gamma} &lt; 0\\)\uff0c\u5c40\u90e8\u7aef\u53e3\u80fd\u591f\u62ac\u5347\u63a5\u5165\u70b9\u7535\u538b &mdash; \u5b83\u6b63\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u5f71\u54cd\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5750\u6807\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5\u7684\u4e8b\u6545\u6ca1\u6709\u7834\u574f\u4efb\u4f55\u5b88\u6052\u5b9a\u5f8b\uff1a\u4e27\u5931\u7684\u662f\u8026\u5408\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002\u5b98\u65b9\u8c03\u67e5\u786e\u8ba4\u4e86\u82e5\u5e72\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u7ec4\u5408\uff1b&sect;11.3 \u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u5206\u6790\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u7ea7\u8054\u7684\u5173\u952e\u673a\u5236\u4e4b\u4e00 &mdash; \u65e0\u529f\u5438\u6536\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u4ee5\u56fa\u5b9a\u529f\u7387\u56e0\u6570\u8fd0\u884c\u7684\u53d1\u7535\u3001\u8fc7\u7535\u538b\u4e0e\u4fdd\u62a4\u52a8\u4f5c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u88c5\u7f6e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u533a\u5206\u4e0d\u662f\u529f\u7387\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8be5\u88c5\u7f6e\u7a76\u7adf\u8ddf\u968f\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7535\u78c1\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8bbe\u5b9a\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u7535\u78c1\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n        <li>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u76f4\u6d41\u63a5\u53e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u533a\u5206\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u9891\u7387\u4e0e\u76f8\u4f4d\uff1a\u88c5\u7f6e\u8981\u4e48\u4ece\u5916\u90e8\u63a5\u53d7\u8fb9\u754c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u6bcd\u7ebf\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u8eab\u53d7\u63a7\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n\n    <\/div>\n    <aside class=\"vendor-toc\">\n      <span class=\"vendor-label\">\u672c\u9875\u5185\u5bb9<\/span>\n      <ul>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-0\">0. \u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u7ea6\u5b9a<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-1\">1. \u7535\u8377\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e3a\u96f6\uff0c\u80fd\u91cf\u4e0d\u4e3a\u96f6<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-2\">2. \u5c40\u90e8\u7535\u6d41\u8def\u5f84<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-3\">3. \u573a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u8f7d\u4f53<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-4\">4. \u5149\u4f0f\u53d1\u7535\u7684\u51fa\u73b0<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-5\">5. \u8282\u70b9\u7684\u4e09\u79cd\u72b6\u6001<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-6\">6. \u8fb9\u754c\u6d4b\u91cf\u4ec0\u4e48<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-7\">7. \u8ba1\u91cf\u5c42\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c42<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-8\">8. \u540c\u4e00\u6bcd\u7ebf\u4e0a\u7684\u4e24\u5ea7\u4f4f\u5b85<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-9\">9. \u4ece\u5c40\u90e8\u8282\u70b9\u5230\u7cfb\u7edf<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-10\">10. \u4e94\u79cd\u62d3\u6251<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-11\">11. 2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-12\">12. \u8c01\u6765\u8bbe\u5b9a\u8fb9\u754c\u5904\u7684\u72b6\u6001<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#gct-13\">13. \u7ed3\u8bba<\/a><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/aside>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<section class=\"vendor-sec vendor-sec--mute vendor-sec--tight\">\n<div class=\"vendor-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"vendor-copy vendor-copy--wide\">\n    <span class=\"vendor-eyebrow\">\u53c2\u8003\u5c42<\/span>\n    <h2 id=\"gct-refs\">\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n    <p>\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u5916\u90e8\u8bba\u65ad\u90fd\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5217\u6765\u6e90\u4e3a\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u6761\u76ee\u5747\u5df2\u9010\u4e00\u5bf9\u7167\u51fa\u7248\u65b9\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u8bb0\u5f55\u6838\u9a8c\u3002<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vendor-refs\">\n      <ol>\n        <li id=\"gctref-1\">ENTSO-E. Expert Panel Final Report on the 28 April 2025 Blackout in Spain and Portugal. 2026 \u5e74 3 \u6708 20 \u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\u3002 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entsoe.eu\/news\/2026\/03\/20\/entso-e-publishes-expert-panel-final-report-on-28-april-2025-blackout-in-spain-and-portugal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">entsoe.eu<\/a><\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-2\">ENTSO-E. 2025 \u5e74 4 \u6708 28 \u65e5\u4e8b\u6545\u8c03\u67e5\u9875\u9762\uff0c\u542b 2025 \u5e74 10 \u6708 3 \u65e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u62a5\u544a\u3002 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.entsoe.eu\/publications\/blackout\/28-april-2025-iberian-blackout\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\">entsoe.eu<\/a><\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-3\">IEEE Std 1459-2025. IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions. 2025 \u5e74 5 \u6708 16 \u65e5\u53d1\u5e03\uff1bIEEE Std 1459-2010 \u7684\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\u3002<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-4\">Rouco L., Echavarren F. M., Lobato E. The overvoltage-driven blackout of the Iberian Peninsula on 28th April 2025. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 45, 102125\uff082026 \u5e74 3 \u6708\uff1b2026 \u5e74 1 \u6708\u5728\u7ebf\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1016\/j.segan.2026.102125<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-5\">Rouco L., Echavarren F. M., Lobato E. The prologue of the Iberian Peninsula blackout on 28th April 2025. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 46, 102295\uff082026\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1016\/j.segan.2026.102295<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-7\">\u6307\u4ee4 2014\/32\/EU\uff08MID\uff09\u9644\u4ef6 V &mdash; \u6709\u529f\u7535\u80fd\u8868\uff08MI-003\uff09\uff1aA\u3001B\u3001C \u7b49\u7ea7\uff1b\u6307\u4ee4\u4e2d\u672a\u5b9a\u4e49 D \u7b49\u7ea7\u3002<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-8\">Real Decreto 244\/2019, de 5 de abril, por el que se regulan las condiciones administrativas, t&eacute;cnicas y econ&oacute;micas del autoconsumo de energ&iacute;a el&eacute;ctrica. BOE-A-2019-5089.<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-9\">Pishbahar H. et al. Grid-Forming Converter for DC Microgrid With Virtual Separately Excited DC Machine Control Strategy and Dual Active Bridge (DAB) Converter. IET Power Electronics\uff082025\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1049\/pel2.70067<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-10\">Jackson J. D. Surface charges on circuit wires and resistors play three roles. American Journal of Physics 64(7), 855&ndash;870\uff081996 \u5e74 7 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1119\/1.18112<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-11\">Morris N. A., Styer D. F. Visualizing Poynting vector energy flow in electric circuits. American Journal of Physics 80(6), 552&ndash;554\uff082012 \u5e74 6 \u6708 1 \u65e5\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1119\/1.3679838<\/li>\n        <li id=\"gctref-12\">Harbola M. K. Energy flow from a battery to other circuit elements: Role of surface charges. American Journal of Physics 78(11), 1203&ndash;1206\uff082010 \u5e74 11 \u6708\uff09\u3002DOI 10.1119\/1.3456567<\/li>\n      <\/ol>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<section class=\"vendor-sec\">\n<div class=\"vendor-wrap\">\n  <div class=\"vendor-cells vendor-cells--3\">\n    <a class=\"vendor-card\" href=\"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/articles\/power-grid-security-analysis\/\">\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__ix\">01<\/span>\n      <h3>\u7535\u7f51\u7684\u65ad\u88c2\u70b9<\/h3>\n      <p>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7535\u7f51\u5b89\u5168\u6b63\u5728\u6210\u4e3a\u80fd\u6e90\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__go\">\u9605\u8bfb<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n    <a class=\"vendor-card\" href=\"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/yougong-gonglv-jiliang\/\">\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__ix\">02<\/span>\n      <h3>\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387\u8ba1\u91cf<\/h3>\n      <p>\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6b63\u786e\u5212\u5b9a\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\u5e76\u6d4b\u91cf\u6709\u529f\u529f\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__go\">\u4e86\u89e3<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n    <a class=\"vendor-card\" href=\"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/scientific-foundations-cn\/\">\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__ix\">03<\/span>\n      <h3>\u79d1\u5b66\u57fa\u7840<\/h3>\n      <p>\u6bcf\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u6a21\u5757\u80cc\u540e\u5df2\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53ef\u4f9b\u5ba1\u9605\u7684\u6587\u732e\u3002<\/p>\n      <span class=\"vendor-card__go\">\u4e86\u89e3<\/span>\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0. \u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u7ea6\u5b9a \u5728\u7b80\u5316\u7684\u5355\u76f8\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f4f\u5b85\u88c5\u7f6e\u7684\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7535\u6d41\u6cbf\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8def\u5f84\u95ed\u5408\uff1a\u76f8\u7ebf &rarr; \u8d1f\u8f7d &#038;ra [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":28756,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1038],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-28766","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-energy-architecture"],"blocksy_meta":{"styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":8}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28766"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28792,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28766\/revisions\/28792"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28766"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28766"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vendor.energy\/zh-hans\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28766"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}